Bioclimatology of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands

Rivas-Martínez, Salvador; Penas, Ángel; del Río, Sara; Díaz González, Tomás Emilio; Rivas-Sáenz, Salvador

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54784-8_2

Salvador Rivas-Martínez³,
Ángel Penas⁴,
Sara del Río⁴,
Tomás Emilio Díaz González⁵ &
…
Salvador Rivas-Sáenz³

Part of the book series: Plant and Vegetation ((PAVE,volume 12))

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Abstract

According to criteria and proposals of S. Rivas-Martínez, S. Rivas-Sáenz and A. Penas (Glob Geobot 1(1):1–634, 2011a) with which they established a world bioclimatic classification system, two macrobioclimates (Temperate and Mediterranean), eight bioclimates (temperate hyperoceanic, temperate oceanic, temperate xeric, mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, mediterranean pluviseasonal-continental, mediterranean xeric-oceanic and mediterranean desertic-oceanic), two bioclimatic variants (steppic and submediterranean), 11 thermotypes (thermotemperate, mesotemperate, supratemperate, orotemperate, cryorotemperate, inframediterraean, thermomediterranean, mesomediterranean, supramediterranean, oromediterranean and cryoromediterraean) and seven ombrotypes (arid, semiarid, dry, subhumid, humid, hyperhumid and ultrahyperhumid) are recognized in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. In addition to this, six types of continentality (euhyperoceanic, subhyperoceanic, semihyperoceanic, euoceanic, semicontinental and subcontinental) are also recognized. Furthermore, relationships between potential natural vegetation (sigmeta, geosigmeta, permasigmata, minorisigmeta and geopermasigmeta) and the bioclimatic units existing in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands are set.

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Phytosociological Research Center (CIF), E-28409 Los Negrales, Madrid, Spain
Salvador Rivas-Martínez & Salvador Rivas-Sáenz
Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management (Area of Botany), Mountain Livestock Farming Institute (Joint Center CSIC-ULE), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, Campus of Vegazana, s/n, León, E-24071, Spain
Ángel Penas & Sara del Río
Department of Organisms and Systems, Biologia Faculty, University of Oviedo, E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
Tomás Emilio Díaz González

Authors

Salvador Rivas-Martínez
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Ángel Penas
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Sara del Río
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Tomás Emilio Díaz González
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Salvador Rivas-Sáenz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salvador Rivas-Martínez .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
Javier Loidi

Appendices

1.1 A. Temperate Macrobioclimate

1.1.1 A.1. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Hyperoceanic Bioclimate

Temperate hyperoceanic	Thermotypes			Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Blechno spicant-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	●	–	●	●
Hyperico pulchri-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	●	–	●	●
Saxifrago spathularis-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	●
Saxifrago hirsutae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	●
*Climato-temporihygrophilous sigmeta*
P olysticho setiferi-Fraxino excelsioris S. (neutro-acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
*Hygrophilous geosigmeta*
Hyperico androsaemi-Ulmo glabrae Gs. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
*Permasigmeta*
Spergulario rupicolae-Armerio depilatae Ps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Otantho maritimi-Ammophilo australis Ps. (coastal dune)	●	–	–	●	●

1 = thermotemperate, 2 = mesotemperate, 3 = supratemperate, 4 = subhumid, 5 = humid, 6 = hyperhumid

1.1.2 A.2. Potential Natural Vegetation Temperate Units (Sigmataxa) in the Hyperoceanic Bioclimate Submediterranean Variant

Temperate hyperoceanic submediterranean	Thermotypes			Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Viburno tini-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	–	–	–	●	●
Rusco aculeati-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	●	–	●	●
*Edaphoxerophilous sigmeta*
Lauro nobilis-Querco ilicis S. (relict)	●	●	–	●	●	–
*Climato-temporihygrophilous sigmeta*
Polysticho setiferi-Fraxino excelsioris S. (neutro-acidophilous)	●	●		●	●	–
Hyperico androsaemi-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)		●	●	●	●	–
*Hygrophilous geosigmeta*
Carici lusitanicae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (dystrophic lentic freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Senecioni bayonensis-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Hyperico androsaemi-Alno glutinosae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	●
Carici reuterianae-Betulo celtibericae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	●	●	●
Salici angustifolio-albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	●	●
*Geopermasigmeta*
Crithmo maritimi-Armerio pubigerae Gps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Leucanthemo crassifolii-Festuco pruinosae Gps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornio perennis Gps. (halophilous mareal)	●	●	–	●	●

1 = thermotemperate, 2 = mesotemperate, 3 = supratemperate, 4 = subhumid, 5 = humid, 6 = hyperhumid

1.1.3 A.3. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Oceanic Bioclimate

Temperate oceanic	Thermotypes					Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Blechno spicant-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Hyperico pulchri-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	●
Pteridio aquilini-Querco pubescentis S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Helleboro occidentalis-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Blechno spicant-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Carici sylvaticae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Geranio nodosi-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pulmonario longifoliae-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Saxifrago hirsutae-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Echinosparto horridi-Pino pyrenaicae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Veronico officinalis-Pino pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Polygalo calcareae-Pino catalaunicae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	●	–
Pino uncinato-pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Galio rotundifolii-Pino pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	●	–
Goodyero repentis-Pino pyrenaicae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Teucrio pyrenaici-Pino pyrenaicae S. (basophylous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Abieti albae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pulmonario affinis-Abieti albae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	●
Scillo liliohyacinthi-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Luzulo niveae-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Prunello hastifoliae-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Festuco altissimae-Abieti albae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	–
Goodyero repentis-Abieti albae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●
Lysimachio nemorum-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●
Carici caudatae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutrophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–
Sorbo aucupariae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	–
Avenello ibericae-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
Vaccinio microphylli-Junipero alpinae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
Daphno cantabricae-Arctostaphylo uvaeursi S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	–
Roso pendulinae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
Rhododendro ferruginei-Pino uncinatae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
Rhododendro ferruginei-Abieti albae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
Arctostaphylo uvaeursi-Pino uncinatae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●
*Climato-temporihygrophilous sigmeta*
Luzulo henriquesii-Pruno lusitanicae S.	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Fraxino angustifoliae-Ulmo glabrae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	–
Hyperico androsaemi-Ulmo glabrae S.	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–
Isopyro thalictroidis-Querco roboris S. (neutrophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Aceri opali-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Roso pendulinae-Acero pseudoplatani S. (colluvial)	–	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–
*Hygrophilous geosigmetum and minorisigmeta*
Equiseto hyemalis-Alno glutinosae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Euphorbio hybernae-Fraxino excelsioris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Salici atrocinereo-daphnoidis Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Agrostio stoloniferae-Myricario germanicae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
*Geopermasigmeta*
Teesdaliopsio confertae-Festuco eskiae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	●	–
Oxytropido neglecto-halleri Gps. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	●	–	●	●	–
Saxifrago bryoidis-Minuartio sedoidis Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	●	●	–
Oreochloo blankae-Carici curvulae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	●
Hieracio breviscapi-Festuco airoidis Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	●	●	–
Junco trifidi-Oreochloo blankae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	–
Oxytropido halleri-Kobresio myosuroidis Gps. (basophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	–
Oxytropido foucaudii-Kobresio myosuroidi s Gps. (basophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	●
Oxytropido neglectae-Kobresio myosuroidi s Gps. (basophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	–
Minuartio cerastiifoliae-Androsaco ciliatae Gps. (basophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	●
Minuartio sedoidis-Androsaco ciliatae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	●	●

1 = thermotemperate, 2 = mesotemperate, 3 = supratemperate, 4 = orotemperate, 5 = cryorotemperate, 6 = subhumid, 7 = humid, 8 = hyperhumid, 9 = ultrahyperhumid

1.1.4 A.4. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Oceanic Bioclimate with Submediterranean Variant

Temperate oceanic submediterranean	Thermotypes			Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Violo willkommii-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	–	–
Carici depauperatae-Querco pubescentis S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Melampyro pratensis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	●
Buxo sempervirentis-Querco pubescentis S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Pulmonario longifoliae-Querco fagineae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Lonicero periclymeni-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Querco subpyrenaicae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Holco mollis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Rusco aculeati-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Linario triornithophorae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Roso arvensis-Querco pubescentis S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Emero majoris-Abieti albae S. (neutrophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Buxo sempervirentis-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutrophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Epipactido helleborines-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutrophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Lathyro linifolii-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Vaccinio myrtilli-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Saniculo europaeae-Ilici aquifolii S. (neutrophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Sileno melliferae-Querco faginae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Ononido aragonensis-Pino ibericae S. (climatophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Junipero sabino-orocantabricae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Pteridio aquilini-Pino ibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	●
Cephalanthero rubrae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Pulmonario longifoliae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (neutrophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Telino patentis-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Genisto falcatae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Linario triornithophorae-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
Luzulo henriquesii-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
Galio odorati-Querco petraeae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
Omphalodo nitidae-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutron-acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
Galio rotundifolii-Fago sylvaticae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Eryngio juresiani-Betulo celtibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	●
Primulo acaulis-Fago sylvaticae S. (neutrophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	–
Calluno vulgaris-Pino ibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	–
Junipero sabinae-Pino ibericae S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	●	●	–
Ephedro nebrodensis-Junipero sabinae S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	–
Lithodoro diffusae-Junipero sabinae S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Avenello ibericae-Querco orocantabricae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	●
Luzulo henriquesii-Betulo celtibericae S. (acidophilous, chionophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	●
Junipero sabinae-Pino uncinatae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	●	–
Pulsatillo fontqueri-Pino uncinatae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Avenello ibericae-Junipero alpinae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Vaccinio myrtilli-Junipero alpinae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Genisto sanabrensis-Junipero alpinae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Avenello ibericae-Pino ibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Vaccinio myrtilli-Pino ibericae S. (acidophilous, relict)	–	–	●	–	●	●
Lycopodio clavati-Junipero alpinae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●
Avenello ibericae-Pino uncinatae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●
*Climatophilous and edaphoxerophilous sigmeta*
Physospermo cornubiensis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Carici basilaris-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Genisto falcatae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Cephalanthero longifoliae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous, relict)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Asplenio onopteridis-Querco ilicis S. (acidophilous, mafic)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Junipero hemisphaerico-thuriferae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	–	–
Hedero helicis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Junipero thuriferae-Pino latisquamae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	–	–
Spiraeo obovatae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Teucrio scorodoniae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Berberido cantabricae-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Lauro nobilis-Querco ilicis S. (relict)	●	–	–	–	●	–
Teucrio salviastri-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous, relict)	●	–	–	–	●	–
*Edaphoxerophilous sigmetum*
Asplenio adiantinigri-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Daphno laureolae-Querco ilicis S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Junipero phoeniceae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Teucrio salviastri-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous, relict)	●	●	–	–	●	●
Arctostaphylo crassifoliae-Pino catalaunicae S. (silicolous)	–	●	–	●	–	–
Lonicero xylostei-Pino salzmannii S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	●	–	–
Telino patentis-Pino salzmannii S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Pino catalaunicae S. (calcodomiticolous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Lithodoro diffusae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
*Climato-temporihygrophilous sigmeta*
Carici depressae-Querco canariensis S. (neutro-acidophilous)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Polysticho setiferi-Fraxino excelsioris S. (acidophilous)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Frangulo alni-Pruno lusitanicae S. (acidophilous)	●	–	–	●	●	●
Omphalodo nitidae-Fraxino angustifoliae S. (basophylous)	●	–	–	–	●	●
Crataego laevigatae-Querco roboris S. (neutro-acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Doronico pardalianchis-Fraxino excelsioris S. (neutro-acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Poo nemoralis-Tilio platyphylli S. (colluvial)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Hyperico androsaemi-Querco roboris S. (acidophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Helleboro occidentalis-Tilio cordatae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	–
Brachypodio sylvatici-Fraxino excelsioris S. (neutrophilous)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Luzulo henriquesii-Acero pseudoplatani S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	–
Violo mirabilis-Ulmo glabrae S. (colluvial)	–	●	–	–	●	–
Melico uniflorae-Betulo celtibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
*Hygrophilous geosigmetum and minorisigmeta*
Lamio flexuosi-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Hedero hibernicae-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Rusco aculeati-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	–	–	●	–	–
Lithospermo purpureocaerulei-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Senecioni bayonensis-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	–	–	●	●	–
Hyperico androsaemi-Alno glutinosae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	–	–		●	–
Salici cantabricae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	●
Lonicero xylostei-Alno glutinosae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Festuco giganteae-Fraxino excelsioris Gs (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Lathraeo clandestinae-Populo nigrae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Valeriano pyrenaicae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Carici pendulae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Viburno lantanae-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Salici lambertiano-albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Betulo meridionalis-Salici albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Salici salviifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–	●	●	–
Carici reuterianae-Betulo celtibericae Gs. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–		●	–
Salici angustifolio-albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Salici lambertiano-angustifoliae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Rubo lainzii-Salici atrocinereae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Salici lambertiano-salviifoliae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	●	–	●	●	–
Aceri campestris Fraxino excelsioris S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	●	–
Salici cantabrico-albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	–	–	●	–
Salici cantabrico-bicoloris Gs. (hard freshwater, chionophilou)	–	–	●	–	–	●
Veratro albi-Salici bicoloris Ms. (soft freshwater, chionophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●
*Geopermasigmeta*
Hieracio myriadeni-Festuco carpetanae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Teesdaliopsio confertae-Festuco summilusitanae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Armerio microcephalae-Festuco aragonensis Gps. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Antennario dioicae-Festuco carpetanae Gps. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	●	●
Agrostio rupestris-Armerio bigerrensis Gps. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	●	●

1 = mesotemperate, 2 = supratemperate, 3 = orotemperate, 4 = subhumid, 5 = humid, 6 = hyperhumid

1.1.5 A.5. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Xeric Bioclimate with Submediterranean Variant

Temperate xeric submediterraean
Sigmataxa	mte	ste	shu
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Buxo sempervirentis-Querco subpyrenaicae S. (basophilous)	●	●	●

mte mesotemperate, ste supratemperate, shu subhumid

1.2 B. Mediterranean Macrobioclimate

1.2.1 B.1. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Oceanic Bioclimate

Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic	Thermotypes						Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonio siliquae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Oleo sylvestris-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Asparago aphylli-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Viburno tini-Querco rivas-martinezii S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Viburno tini-Oleo sylvetris S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Myrto communis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Querco alpestris-broteroi S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Lavandulo viridis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Rhamno fontquerani-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous, dolomitícolous, ultramafic)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Asplenio onopteridis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Aro neglecti-Oleo sylvestris S. (verticola)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Smilaco asperae-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Viburno tini-Fraxino orni S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Sanguisorbo hybridae-Querc o broteroi S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Arisaro simorrhini-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Arisaro simorrhini-Querco broteroi S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Teucrio baetici-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Asparago acutifolii-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Viburno tini-Querco ilicis S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Hedero hybernicae-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Doronico plantaginei-Querco canariensis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Arbuto unedonis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Fraxino angustifoliae-Acero monspessulani S. (silicolous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–
Holco mollis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Luzulo baeticae-Querco pyrenaicaeS. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Pistacio terebinthi-Querco broteroi S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Adenocarpo decorticantis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Cephalanthero rubrae-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Fraxino orni-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Adenocarpo decorticantis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Junipero lagunae-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Spiraeo obovatae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Genisto falcatae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●
Violo willkommii-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Lonicero periclymeni-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Adenocarpo decorticantis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Sileno melliferae-Querco faginae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pulmonario longifoliae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Telino patentis-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Sorbo torminalis-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Berberido hispanicae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (climatophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pyro bourgaeanae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Berberido hispanicae-Querco alpestris S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pteridio aquilini-Pino ibericae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●
Luzulo forsteri-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●
Primulo balearicae-Aceri granatensis S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–
Festuco merinoi-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Junipero sabinae-Pino latisquamae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
*Climatophilous and edaphoxerophilous sigmeta and minorisigmeta*
Prasio majoris-Oleo sylvestris S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Myrto communis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Aristolochio baeticae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rhamno oleoidis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Pistacio lentisci-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Ephedro fragilis-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Rhamno almeriensis-Pino halepensis S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–	–
Carici bracteosae-Querco ilicis S. (acidophilous, basophilous and dolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Clematido cirrhosae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous and dolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rubio longifoliae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Querco cocciferae-Pino acutisquamae S. (ultramafic)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pino acutisquamae S. (dolareniticolous)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Cyclamini balearici-Querco ilicis S. (basophilous, dolomiticolous)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Bunio macucae-Abieti pinsapo S. (ultramafic)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Paeonio broteri-Abieti pinsapo S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Rhamno lycioidis-Querco cocciferae Ms. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Querco cocciferae-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Pyro bourgaeanae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Paeonio coriaceae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Physospermo cornubiensis-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Hedero helicis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Junipero lagunae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Genisto hystricis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Spiraeo obovatae-Querco fagineae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Genisto falcatae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Carici basilaris-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Berberido hispanicae-Junipero thuriferae S. (basophilous, dolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Junipero thuriferae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Junipero hemisphaerico-thuriferae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Berberido hispanicae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Junipero thuriferae-Pino latisquamae S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Teucrio scorodoniae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Junipero phoeniceae-Pino latisquamae S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Rhamno infectorii-Junipero sabinae S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Daphno hispanicae-Pino nevadensis S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
*Edaphoxerophilous sigmetum and minorisigmeta*
Junipero turbinatae-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Chamaeropo humilis-Junipero phoeniceae Ms. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Astragalo salvatoris-Junipero macrocarpae Ms. (littoral windy)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Phillyreo angustifoliae-Rhamno angustifolii Ms. (dune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Osyrio quadripartitae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Phlomido purpureae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (mafic)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Clematido balearicae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Querco cocciferae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Vinco difformis-Ceratonio siliquae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
*Edaphoxerophilous sigmetum and minorisigmetum*
Daphno gnidi-Junipero navicularis S. (acidophilous, relict)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Aro sagittifolii-Phillyreo rodriguezii S. (littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Cneoro tricocci-Buxo balearicae Ms. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Asparago horridi-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Ulici argentei-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Rubio longifoliae-Junipero macrocarpae Ms. (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Junipero turbinatae Ms. (coastal dune)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Genisto majoricae-Buxo balearicae Ms. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rhamno ludovicisalvatoris-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (dolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Asparago albi-Oleo sylvestris S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Cytiso eriocarpi-Junipero lagunae Ms. (acidophilous, relict)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rusco aculeati-Junipero lagunae Ms. (acidophilous, relict)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Lonicero implexae-Querco rotundifoliae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Vinco difformis-Lauro nobilis S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Teucrio salviastri-Querco suberis S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Rhamno myrtifolii-Junipero turninatae Ms. (dolomiticolous)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Rhamno lycioidis-Junipero phoeniceae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rhamno lycioidis-Pino halepensis S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Buxo sempervirentis-Junipero phoeniceae Ms. (basophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Tucrio salviastri-Querco rotundifoliae S. (acidophilous, relict)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Festuco merinoi-Junipero lagunae Ms. (acidophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–
Rhamno infectorii-Junipero phoeniceae Ms. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Berberido hispanicae-Junipero phoeniceae S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
*Climato-temporihygrophilous and edaphoxerophilous sigmeta*
Aro neglecti-Querco suberis Gs. (paleodune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
*Climato-temporihygrophilous sigmeta*
Rusco hypophylli-Querco canariensis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Euphorbio monchiquensis-Querco canariensis S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Oenantho crocatae-Querco pyrenaicae S. (acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Ulici welwitschiani-Querco broteroi S. (basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Vinco difformis-Ulmo minoris S.	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Oleo sylvestris-Querco alpestris S. (neutro-basophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Clematido campaniflorae-Celtido australis S.	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Carici depressae-Querco canariensis S. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Frangulo alni-Pruno lusitanicae S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Pyro bourgaeanae-Querco broteroi S. (acidophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Daphno latifoliae-Acero granatensis S. (basophilous)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
*Hygrophilous geosigmeta and minorisigmeta*
Inulo crithmoidis-Tamarici boveanae Ms. (halophilous)	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–
Viti sylvestris-Salici atrocinereae Ms. (dystrophic lentic freshwater)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Erico terminalis-Nerio oleandri Ms. (hard freshwater, serpentinícolous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Arisaro proboscidei-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Equiseto telmateiae-Salici pedicellatae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Irido foetidissimae-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Clematido campaniflorae-Salici neotrichae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Saccharo ravennae-Tamarici canariensis Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–	–
Nerio oleandri-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Salici pedicellatae-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Vinco difformis-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Ranunculo ficariae-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Hedero helicis-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Vinco difformis-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Oenantho crocatae-Nerio oleandri Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Coriario myrtifoliae-Salici angustifoliae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Erico terminalis-Salici angustifoliae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Salici atrocinereo-australis Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Dorycnio recti-Salici pedicellatae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeo tinctoriae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Polygono equisetiformis-Tamarici africanae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Nerio oleandri-Salici pedicellatae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Crataego brevispinae-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Galio viridiflori-Salici pedicellatae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Carici lusitanicae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (dystrophic lentic freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Campanulo primulifoliae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Campanulo primuliflorae-Rhododendro pontici Ms. (neutro-acidophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Biaro carratracensis-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Suaedo braunblanquetii-Tamarici boveanae Ms. (halophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Saponario officinalis-Salici lambertianae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rusco aculeati-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Salici atrocinereae-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Holoschoeno australis-Salici arenariae Ms.	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Scrophulario scorodoniae-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Carici pendulae-Salici atrocinereae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Lithospermo purpureocaerulei-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Senecioni bayonensis-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Lamio flexuosi-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Hedero hibernicae-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Rhododendro pontici-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●
Rubio tinctorum-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Salici neotrichae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Tamarici canariensis Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Crataego granatensis-Salici neotrichae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	●	–	–
Suaedo braunblanquetii-Tamarici canariensis Ms. (halophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Opopanaco chironium-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Galio broteriani-Betulo parvibracteatae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Humulo lupuli-Alno glutinosae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Salici salviifoliae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Salici lambertiano-salviifoliae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Rubo ulmifolii-Nerio oleandri Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Populo nigrae-Salici neotrichae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Salici discoloro-angustifoliae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Galio broteriani-Alno glutinosae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Querco pyrenaicae-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	●	–
Aceri granatensis-Fraxino angustifoliae Gs. (soft freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Viburno lantanae-Ulmo minoris Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Salici lambertiano-albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Betulo meridionalis-Salici albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–		●	●	–
Agrostio stoloniferae-Myricario germanicae Ms. (hard freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–		●	●	–
Carici camposii-Salici atrocinereae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–		●	–	–
Rubo lainzii-Salici atrocinereae Ms. (soft freshwater)	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–		●	●	–
*Geopermasigmeta and permasigmeta*
Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornio fruticosae Gps. (halophilous littoral)	●	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio malacitani Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Limonio pseudodictyoclado-carregadorensis Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–	–
Loto cretici-Ammophilo australis Gps. (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio rigualii Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio dufourii Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Limonio artruchio-minuti Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio girardiani Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio gibertii Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Limonio balearici Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Limonio emarginati Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Puccinellio ibericae-Sarcocornio perennis Gps. (halophilous mareal)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Limonio bellidifolii-Sarcocornio fruticosae Gps. (halophilous)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–	–
Medicagini marinae-Ammophilo australis Gps. (coastal dune)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Limonio minuto-fontqueri Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Dauco hispanici Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	●	●	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–
Armerio ruscinonensis Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	–	–
Suaedo braunblanquetii Gps. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Otantho maritimi-Ammophilo australis Gps. (coastal dune)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Puccinellio maritimae-Sarcocornio perennis Gps. (halophilous mareal)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–
Puccinellio lagascanae Ps. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Puccinellio caespitosae-Suaedo braunblanquetii Ps. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–	–	–
Crithmo maritimi-Armerio pubigerae Gps. (haloanemogamous rock littoral)	–	–	●	–	–	–	–	–	–	●	●	–

1 = inframediterranean, 2 = thermomediterranean, 3 = mesomediterranean, 4 = supramediterranean, 5 = oromediterranean, 6 = cryoromediterraean, 7 = arid, 8 = semiarid, 9 = dry, 10 = subhumid, 11 = humid, 12 = hyperhumid

1.2.2 B.2. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Oceanic Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

Mediterraean pluviseasonal-oceanic steppic	Thermotypes		Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4
*Climatophilousand edaphoxerophilous sigmeta and minorisigmeta*
Junipero phoeniceo-thuriferae S., Ms. (vertic, gypsicolous))	●	–	●	●
Arbuto unedonis-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	●	–	●	●
*Permasigmetum*
Artemisio gargantae-Pucciniello pungentis Ps. (halophilous inland)	–	●	–	●

1 = mesomediterranean, 2 = supramediterranean, 3 = semiarid, 4 = dry.

1.2.3 B.3. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Continental Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

Mediterraean pluviseasonal-continental	Thermotypes				Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
*Climatophilous and edaphoxerophilous sigmeta*
Genisto versicoloris-Junipero hemisphaericae S. (acidophilous, mafic)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●
*Edaphohygrophilous minorisigmeta*
Pyro bourgaeanae-Flueggeo tinctoriae Ms. (soft freshwater)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–
*Geopermasigmeta*
Erigeronto frigidi-Festuco clementei Gps. (acidophilous, mafic)	–	–	–	●	●	–	–

1 = thermomediterranean, 2 = mesomediterranean, 3 = oromediterranean, 4 = cryoromediterraean, 5 = dry, 6 = subhumid, 7 = humid

1.2.4 B.4. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Xeric Oceanic Bioclimate

Mediterranean xeric-oceanic	Thermotypes				Ombrotypes
Sigmataxa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
*Climatophilous sigmeta and minorisigmeta*
Maytenoeuropaei-Periploc o angustifoliae S. (mafic)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Zizipho loti Ms. (dune)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Zizipho loti-Mayteno europaei S. (psamophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Rhamno rivagodayani-Periploco angustifoliae S. (basophilous)	●	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Calicotomo intermediate-Mayteno intermediate Ms. (basophilous)	●	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonio siliquae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Cneoro tricocci-Pistacio lentisci Ms. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Arisaro simorrhini-Tetraclinido articulatae S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Chamaeropo humilis-Rhamno lycioidis Ms.	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Mayteno europaei-Oleo sylvestris S. (basophilous, mafic)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Aristolochio baeticae-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	●
Pistacio lentisci-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous, calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–
Rhamno lycioidis-Querco cocciferae S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Querco cocciferae-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Ephedro fragilis-Pino halepensis S.	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Rhamno almeriensis-Pino halepensis S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	●
*Edaphoxerophilous sigmeta and minorisigmeta*
Rhamno angustifolii-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (coastal dune)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Coremato albi-Junipero macrocarpae Ms. (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Junipero turbinatae-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Asparago horridi-Junipero turbinatae S. (calcodolomiticolous)	–	●	–	–	–	–	●	●
*Hygrophilous geosigmeta and sigmeta*
Zizipho loti-Nerio oleandri S. (very hard freshwater)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Inulo crithmoidis-Tamarici boveanae Gs. (halophilous)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Lonicero biflorae-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Rubio longifoliae-Nerio oleandri S. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	●	–	–
Saccharo ravennae-Tamarici canariensis Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	●	●	–
Rubo ulmifolii-Nerio oleandri S. (hard freshwater)	–	●	●	–	–	–	●	●
Limonio delicatuli-Nerio oleandri S. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	●	–	–
Suaedo braunblanquetii-Tamarici boveanae Gs. (watercourse and lacustrine, halophilous)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Rubio tinctorum-Populo albae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Crataego granatensis-Salici neotrichae Gs. (hard freshwater)	–	–	●	●	–	●	●	●
Suaedo braunblanquetii-Tamarici canariensis Ms. (lacustrine, halophilous)	–	–	●	●	–	–	●	–
*Geopermasigmeta and permasigmatea*
Cistancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornio fruticosae Gps. (halophilous littoral)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Frankenio corymbosae-Arthrocnemo macrostachyi Ps. (halophilous littoral)	●	●	–	–	●	●	–	–
Limonio cossoniani-Lycio intricati Ps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	●	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Limonio pseudebusitani Gps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Limonio caprariensis Gps. (haloanemogenous rock littoral)	–	●	–	–	–	●	–	–
Loto cretici-Ammophilo australis GPS (coastal dune)	–	●	–	–	–	●	●	–
Suaedo braunblanquetiiPs. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	–	–	●	●	–
Puccinellio caespitosae-Suaedo braunblanquetii Gps. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	●	–	●	●	–
Puccinellio lagascanae Ps. (halophilous inland)	–	–	●	●	–	●	●	–

1 = inframediterranean, 2 = thermomediterranean, 3 = mesomediterranean, 4 = supramediterranean, 5 = arid, 6 = semiarid, 7 = dry, 8 = subhumid

1.2.5 B.5. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Xeric Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

Mediterranean xeric-oceanic steppic
Sigmataxa	mme	sar	dry
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Junipero phoeniceo-thuriferae S. (vertic, giypsicola)	●	●	●
*Climatophilous and xerophilous sigmeta*
Arbuto unedonis-Pino halepensis S. (basophilous)	●	●	●

mme mesomediterranean, sar semiarid, dry dry

1.2.6 B.6. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Desertic Oceanic Bioclimate

Mediterraean desertic-oceanic
Sigmataxa	ime	tme	ari	sar
*Climatophilous sigmeta*
Mayteno europaei-Periploco angustifoliae S. (basophilous)	●	●	●	–
Zizipho loti-Mayteno europaei S. (basophilous)	●	●	●	●
*Minorisigmeta*
Zizipho loti Ms. (dune)	●	●	●	–
Rhamno angustifolii-Junipero turbinatae Ms. (dune)	●	●	●	●
*Hygrophilous geosigmeta*
Inulo crithmoidis-Tamarici boveanae Gs. (halophilous)	●	●	●	●
Zizipho loti-Nerio oleandri Gs. (very hard freshwater)	●	●	●	●
*Geopermasigmeta and permasigmeta*
C istancho phelypaeae-Sarcocornio fruticosae Gps. (halophilous littoral)	●	●	●	●
Frankenio corymbosae-Arthrocnemo macrostachyi Pss. (halophilous littoral)	●	●	●	●

ime inframediterranean, tme thermomediterranean, ari arid, sar semiarid

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Rivas-Martínez, S., Penas, Á., del Río, S., Díaz González, T.E., Rivas-Sáenz, S. (2017). Bioclimatology of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. In: Loidi, J. (eds) The Vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula. Plant and Vegetation, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54784-8_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54784-8_2
Published: 13 September 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54782-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54784-8
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Appendices

Appendices

1.1 A. Temperate Macrobioclimate

1.1.1 A.1. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Hyperoceanic Bioclimate

1.1.2 A.2. Potential Natural Vegetation Temperate Units (Sigmataxa) in the Hyperoceanic Bioclimate Submediterranean Variant

1.1.3 A.3. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Oceanic Bioclimate

1.1.4 A.4. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Oceanic Bioclimate with Submediterranean Variant

1.1.5 A.5. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Temperate Xeric Bioclimate with Submediterranean Variant

1.2 B. Mediterranean Macrobioclimate

1.2.1 B.1. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Oceanic Bioclimate

1.2.2 B.2. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Oceanic Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

1.2.3 B.3. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Pluviseasonal Continental Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

1.2.4 B.4. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Xeric Oceanic Bioclimate

1.2.5 B.5. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Xeric Bioclimate with Steppic Variant

1.2.6 B.6. Potential Natural Vegetation Units (Sigmataxa) in the Mediterranean Desertic Oceanic Bioclimate

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