Abstract
In 2007, the proportion of the global population living in the urban environment was over 50%.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Countries with gross national income per capita of at least $12,615 are classified as high-income. See http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2014wesp_country_classification.pdf for further classifications and lists of countries.
References
Ellis EC, Ramankutty N (2008) Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world. Front Ecol Environ. doi:10.1890/070062
Haberl H, Erb KH, Krausmann F (2014) Human appropriation of net primary production: patterns, trends, and planetary boundaries. Annu Rev Environ Resour 39(1):363–391. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-121912-094620
IEA (2016) Energy technology perspectives 2016—towards sustainable urban energy systems. Technical report, International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EnergyTechnologyPerspectives2016_ExecutiveSummary_EnglishVersion.pdf
Kahn B (2016) The world passes 400 PPM threshold. Permanently. http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738
NOAA (2017) Global analysis—annual 2016. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201613
Rockström J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson Å, Chapin FS, Lambin E, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sörlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P, Foley J (2009) Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol Soc 14(2):472–475. doi:10.1038/461472a
Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J, Cornell S, Fetzer I, Bennett E, Biggs R, Carpenter S (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science (New York, N.Y.) 348(6240):1217. doi:10.1126/science.aaa9629
UN (2015) World urbanization prospects: the 2014 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2014-Report.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bishop, J. (2017). Introduction. In: Bishop, J. (eds) Building Sustainable Cities of the Future. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54458-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54458-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54456-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54458-8
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)