Abstract
Knowledge of human presence and interaction in a vehicle is of growing interest to vehicle manufacturers for design and safety purposes. We present a framework to perform the tasks of occupant detection and occupant classification for automatic child locks and airbag suppression. It operates for all passenger seats using a single overhead camera. A transfer learning technique is introduced to make full use of training data from all seats, whilst still maintaining some control over the bias necessary for a system designed to penalize certain misclassifications more than others. An evaluation is performed on a challenging dataset with both weighted and unweighted classifiers that demonstrates the effectiveness of the transfer process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
The steer for this work comes from Jaguar Land Rover Research.
- 2.
We developed our own implementation of [23] as faithfully as possible.
References
Bottazzi, V.S., Borges, P.V.K., Jo, J.: A vision-based lane detection system combining appearance segmentation and tracking of salient points. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, pp. 443–448 (2013)
Hanwell, D., Mirmehdi, M.: Detection of lane departure on high-speed roads. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (2012)
Bonnin, S., Weisswange, T.H., Kummert, F., Schmuedderich, J.: Pedestrian crossing prediction using multiple context-based models. In: International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (2014)
Monwar, M.M., Vijaya Kumar, B.V.K.: Vision-based potential collision detection for reversing vehicle. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, pp. 88–93 (2013)
Sivaraman, S., Trivedi, M.M.: Looking at vehicles on the road: a survey of vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior analysis. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 14, 1773–1795 (2013)
Vicente, F., Huang, Z., Xiong, X., Torre, F., Zhang, W., Levi, D.: Driver gaze tracking and eyes off the road detection system. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 16, 1–14 (2015)
Garcia, I., Bronte, S., Bergasa, L.M., Almazan, J., Yebes, J.: Vision-based drowsiness detector for real driving conditions. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (2012)
Huang, S.S.: Discriminatively trained patch-based model for occupant classification. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 6, 132–138 (2012)
Huang, S.S., Jian, E., Hsiao, P.: Occupant classification invariant to seat movement for smart airbag. In: IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (2011)
Gao, Z., Duan, L.: Vision detection of vehicle occupant classification with Legendre moments and support vector machine. In: IEEE International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (2010)
Goktuk, S.B., Rafii, A.: An occupant classification system eigen shapes or knowledge-based features. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2005)
Glass, R.J., Segui-Gomez, M., Graham, J.D.: Child passenger safety: decisions about seating location, airbag exposure, and restraint use. Risk Anal. 20, 521–527 (2000)
Technologies, Challenges, and Research and Development Expenditures for Advanced Air Bags. Report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate (2001)
Mehney, M.A., McCarthy, M.C., Fullerton, M.G., Malecke, F.J.: Vehicle occupant weight sensor apparatus (2000)
Seip, R.: Linear ultrasound transducer array for an automotive occupancy sensor system (2002)
George, B., Zangl, H., Bretterklieber, T., Brasseur, G.: A combined inductive capacitive proximity sensor for seat occupancy detection. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 59, 1463–1470 (2010)
Wallace, M.W.: Vehicle occupant classification system and method (2003)
Cheng, S.Y., Trivedi, M.M.: Vision-based infotainment user determination by hand recognition for driver assistance. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 11, 759–764 (2010)
Kong, H., Sun, Q., Bauson, W., Kiselewich, S., Ainslie, P., Hammoud, R.: Disparity based image segmentation for occupant classification. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (2004)
Cheng, S.Y., Trivedi, M.M.: Human posture estimation using voxel data for “smart” airbag systems: issues and framework. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (2004)
Alefs, B., Clabian, M., Painter, M.: Occupant classification by boosting and PMD-technology. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (2008)
Farmer, M.E., Jain, A.K.: Occupant classification system for automotive airbag suppression. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (2003)
Zhang, Y., Kiselewich, S.J., Bauson, W.A.: A monocular vision-based occupant classification approach for smart airbag deployment. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (2005)
Devarakota, P.R.: Occupant classification using range images. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 56, 1983–1993 (2007)
Wang, S.: A new transfer learning boosting approach based on distribution measure with an application on facial expression recognition. In: International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (2014)
Shao, H., Tong, B., Suzuki, E.: Extended MDL principle for feature-based inductive transfer learning. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 35, 365–389 (2012)
Farajidavar, N.: Adaptive transductive transfer machines. In: British Machine Vision Conference (2014)
Campos, T., Khan, A., Yan, F., Farajidavar, N., Windridge, D., Kittler, J., Christmas, W.: A framework for automatic sports video annotation with anomaly detection and transfer learning. In: Machine Learning and Cognitive Science (2013)
Rohrbach, M., Ebert, S., Schiele, B.: Transfer learning in a transductive setting. In: Neural Information Processing Systems (2013)
Pan, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Sun, C., Guo, K., Tang, X., Zhou, S.Z.: IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (2010)
Garcke, J., Vanck, T.: Importance weighted inductive transfer learning for regression. In: Calders, T., Esposito, F., Hüllermeier, E., Meo, R. (eds.) ECML PKDD 2014, Part I. LNCS (LNAI), vol. 8724, pp. 466–481. Springer, Heidelberg (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44848-9_30
Xu, J., Ramos, S., Vazquez, D., Lopez, A.M.: Cost-sensitive structured SVM for multi-category domain adaptation. In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition (2014)
Farmer, M.E., Jain, A.K.: Smart automotive airbags: occupant classification and tracking. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 56, 60–80 (2007)
Scaramuzza, D., Martinelli, A., Siegwart, R.: A toolbox for easily calibrating omnidirectional cameras. In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (2006)
Brox, T., Bruhn, A., Papenberg, N., Weickert, J.: High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In: Pajdla, T., Matas, J. (eds.) ECCV 2004. LNCS, vol. 3024, pp. 25–36. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24673-2_3
Gretton, A.: A kernel two-sample test. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13, 723–773 (2012)
Kim, B., Pineau, J.: Maximum mean discrepancy imitation learning. In: Robotics: Science and Systems (2013)
Pan, S.J., Kwok, J.T., Yang, Q.: Transfer learning via dimensionality reduction. In: AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2008)
Long, M., Wang, J., Ding, G., Sun, J., Yu, P.S.: Transfer feature learning with joint distribution adaptation. In: International Conference on Computer Vision (2013)
Lagarias, J.C., Reeds, J., Wright, M.H., Wright, P.E.: Convergence properties of the nelder-mead simplex method in low dimensions. SIAM J. Optim. 9, 112–147 (1998)
Chang, C., Lin, C.: LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines. ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol. 2, 1–27 (2011)
Lin, H.: National Taiwan University, Technical report (2010)
Huang, S., Hsiao, P.Y.: Occupant classification for smart airbag using Bayesian filtering. In: International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (2010)
Deng, J.D.J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L.: ImageNet: a large-scale hierarchical image database. In: British Machine Vision Conference (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Perrett, T., Mirmehdi, M. (2017). Cost-Based Feature Transfer for Vehicle Occupant Classification. In: Chen, CS., Lu, J., Ma, KK. (eds) Computer Vision – ACCV 2016 Workshops. ACCV 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10116. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54407-6_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54407-6_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54406-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54407-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)