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Energy, Different Forms

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Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future

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Abstract

This chapter discusses the different conversion methods available for biomass. Solid materials can produce a syngas with hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide through high temperature gasification. Hydrogen and methane can be used in many different ways, while carbon monoxide is used for further reaction to other compounds like methanol. Pyrolysis is achieved when less oxidant, like oxygen or air, is used for heat generation, and normally also lower temperature. In addition, we get liquid fractions that are principally an oil, which can be further refined to bio-diesel. Biological reaction microorganisms can be used to easily convert degradable bio-components like household waste into bio-gas, or methane, where carbon dioxide is also produced. This is normally removed from the gas before use. Other biological methods include ethanol fermentation using bacteria or yeast. These fermentation methods can also be used in bio-refineries, where ethanol can be produced as well as many other chemicals like butanol, b2,3 butanediol, hydrogen, vanilla etc. Lignin components can also be produced and then further reacted to different medicines. Hydrogen produced biologically or through high temperature gasification can be separated using cryogenic or membrane separation methods, among others. Hydrogen then can be used to react with hydrocarbons containing oxygen, to remove the oxygen through hydration. This is also used in conventional refineries for fossil oil products, and could be used in the future to enhance the quality of bio-oils, to get properties similar to “normal fossil oil” products. Of course biomass may also be combusted in boilers, where both heat and power can be produced, as well as cooling. In this chapter we also discuss energy use in households and industry.

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    Erik Dahlquist

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    Erik Dahlquist

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    Stefan Hellstrand

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Dahlquist, E. (2017). Energy, Different Forms. In: Dahlquist, E., Hellstrand, S. (eds) Natural Resources Available Today and in the Future. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54263-8_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54263-8_8

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54261-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54263-8

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

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