Analysis of Female Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Turkey

Limanli, Omer

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54112-9_10

Omer Limanli⁷

Part of the book series: Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics ((EBES,volume 7))

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Abstract

In this study, we have estimated the determinants of female labor force participation in Turkey. For this purpose, we have used Household Labor Force Survey for 2000–2014. The determinants of female labor force participation have been studied extensively by previous studies but this paper differs in some ways. First and foremost, previous studies have used traditional estimation techniques such as simple logit or probit estimators. Here, we have used a newly developed estimator called special regression, and we have included the random individual effect in the model by using recursive mixed-process estimator. Second, we have taken into account endogeneity problem of education which is mostly ignored by researchers. Finally, previous studies, generally, have used 1 year data. This paper has used 14 years data so we might see whether there is a change in the effect of explanatory variable. Generally speaking, estimation results have demonstrated that education, not surprisingly, has positive and significant effect. Marital status, having children and region are other important variables. Estimation results support previous studies.

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Notes

1.
For theoretical literature on FLFP, see Killingsworth and Heckman (1986).
2.
Karaca and Kocabaş (2011) give detailed discussion about the position of women in economic life with a comparison between European Union countries and Turkey.
3.
Casual and unpaid family workers are excluded for 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. Only unpaid family workers excluded after 2004. After 2008, there is no way to exclude causal workers. Special regression estimation starts from 2004. So this is done because we want to compare recursive mixed-process and special regression.

References

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Economics, Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin, Turkey
Omer Limanli

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Omer Limanli
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Correspondence to Omer Limanli .

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Editors and Affiliations

Faculty of Political Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin
MUFG Union Bank, San Francisco, California, USA
Hakan Danis
Faculty of Tourism, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
Ender Demir
Eurasia Business and Economic Society, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
Ugur Can

Appendix: Descriptive Statistics

Variables	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
LFP	0.22 (0.42)	0.23 (0.42)	0.25 (0.43)	0.24 (0.43)	0.25 (0.43)	0.25 (0.43)	0.25 (0.43)	0.25 (0.43)
Education	5.67 (4.1)	5.6 (4.1)	5.77 (4.1)	5.92 (4.1)	5.56 (4.1)	5.6 (4.2)	5.61 (4.3)	5.72 (4.3)
Married	0.68 (0.47)	0.68 (0.47)	0.68 (0.47)	0.67 (0.47)	0.68 (0.46)	0.68 (0.47)	0.68 (0.46)	0.69 (0.46)
Age
15–19	0.16 (0.37)	0.16 (0.37)	0.15 (0.36)	0.15 (0.36)	0.15 (0.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.13 (0.34)
20–24	0.14 (0.35)	0.14 (.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.13 (0.34)	0.13 (0.34)	0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)
25–29	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.13 (0.33)	0.13 (0.34)
30–34	0.11 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)
35–39	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.10 (0.31)	0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.31)
40–44	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)
45–49	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.29)
50–54	0.07 (0.26)	0.07 (0.26)	0.07 (0.26)	0.07 (0.26)	0.07 (0.26)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.28)
55–59	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.22)	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.25)
60–64	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.22)
<4 years old child.	0.33 (0.65)	0.35 (0.66)	0.34 (0.65)	0.33 (0.63)	0.37 (0.68)	0.37 (0.67)	0.37 (0.68)	0.35 (0.67)
<4 years old child. × married	0.28 (0.61)	0.29 (0.62)	0.29 (0.61)	0.27 (0.59)	0.30 (0.63)	0.30 (0.62)	0.30 (0.63)	0.29 (0.62)
Rural	0.24 (0.42)	0.24 (0.43)	0.24 (0.43)	0.23 (0.42)	0.13 (0.34)	0.29 (0.62)
Regions
İstanbul					0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.13 (0.33)
West Marmara					0.04 (0.20)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.22)
Aegean					0.15 (0.36)	0.15 (0.35)	0.15 (0.36)	0.16 (0.36)
East Marmara					0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.09 (0.29)
West Anatolia					0.09 (0.28)	0.08 (0.28)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)
Mediterranean					0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.32)
Central Anatolia					0.05 (0.22)	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.23)	0.05 (0.22)
West Black Sea					0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.09 (0.29)	0.09 (0.29)
East Black Sea					0.04 (0.20)	0.04 (0.19)	0.03 (0.18)	0.03 (0.18)
Northeast Anatolia					0.05 (0.21)	0.04 (0.20)	0.04 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)
Central East Anatolia					0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.23)	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.23)
Southeast Anatolia					0.09 (0.28)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)
N	97,625	101,364	101,957	100,014	157,485	163,942	167,033	162,075

Variables	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
LFP	0.26 (0.44)	28 (0.45)	0.29 (0.46)	0.30 (0.46)	0.31 (0.46)	0.32 (0.47)	0.34 (0.47)
Education	5.82 (4.4)	5.92 (4.4)	6.1 (4.4)	6.24 (4.5)	6.43 (4.5)	6.6 (4.5)	6.41 (4.5)
Married	0.70 (0.46)	0.69 (0.46)	0.70 (0.46)	0.69 (0.46)	0.68 (0.46)	0.68 (0.47)	0.69 (0.46)
Age
15–19	0.13 (0.34)	0.13 (0.34)	0.13 (0.34)	0.13 (0.33)	0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.13 (0.33)
20–24	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)
25–29	0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0 (0)
30–34	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.10 (0.30)
35–39	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.32)
40–44	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)
45–49	0.09 (0.29)	0.10 (0.29)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.31)	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.31)
50–54	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.10 (0.28)	0.08 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.29)	0.10 (0.30)
55–59	0.07 (0.25)	0.07 (0.25)	0.07 (0.26)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.10 (0.30)
60–64	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.22)	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.24)	0.08 (0.27)
<4 years old child.	0.36 (0.67)	0.35 (0.67)	0.33 (0.64)	0.32 (0.62)	0.30 (0.60)	0.29 (0.58)
<4 years old child. × married	0.30 (0.62)	0.29 (0.62)	0.28 (0.60)	0.27 (0.58)	0.25 (0.56)	0.24 (0.54)
Rural
Regions
İstanbul	0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)	0.10 (0.29)
West Marmara	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.24)	0.07 (0.25)	0.07 (0.25)	0.06 (0.25)	0.07 (0.25)
Aegean	0.15 (0.36)	0.14 (0.35)	0.13 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)
East Marmara	0.09 (0.29)	0.09 (0.29)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)	0.09 (0.28)
West Anatolia	0.08 (0.27)	0.10 (0.30)	0.13 (0.33)	0.14 (0.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.14 (0.35)	0.11 (0.31)
Mediterranean	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.12 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)
Central Anatolia	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.06 (0.24)	0.07 (0.25)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.24)	0.06 (0.24)
West Black Sea	0.09 (0.30)	0.09 (0.28)	0.07 (0.26)	0.07 (0.25)	0.07 (0.25)	0.06 (0.25)	0.09 (0.28)
East Black Sea	0.03 (0.17)	0.03 (0.18)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.23)	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.22)	0.04 (0.20)
Northeast Anatolia	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.21)	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.23)	0.05 (0.22)	0.05 (0.22)	0.06 (0.24)
Central East Anatolia	0.06 (0.23)	0.06 (0.23)	0.05 (0.21)	0.04 (0.20)	0.04 (0.20)
Southeast Anatolia	0.10 (0.30)	0.10 (0.30)	0.09 (0.28)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.08 (0.27)	0.10 (0.30)
N	162,326	168,751	175,671	174,900	173,711	170,972	174,553

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Limanli, O. (2017). Analysis of Female Labor Force Participation: Evidence from Turkey. In: Bilgin, M., Danis, H., Demir, E., Can, U. (eds) Regional Studies on Economic Growth, Financial Economics and Management. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54112-9_10

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54112-9_10
Published: 14 April 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-54111-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-54112-9
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Appendix: Descriptive Statistics

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