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Macrophages and Their Contribution to the Development of Atherosclerosis

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Macrophages

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 62))

Abstract

Atherosclerosis can be regarded as chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. Macrophages play a key role in the development of local inflammatory response and atherosclerotic lesion growth. Atherosclerotic plaque is a complex microenvironment, in which different subsets of macrophages coexist executing distinct, although in some cases overlapping functions. According to the classical simplified nomenclature, lesion macrophages can belong to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated types. While the former promote the inflammatory response and participate in lipid accumulation, the latter are responsible for the inflammation resolution and plaque stabilisation. Atherosclerotic lesion dynamics depends therefore on the balance between these macrophages populations. The diverse functions of macrophages make them an attractive therapeutic target for the development of novel anti-atherosclerotic treatments. In this chapter, we discuss different types of macrophages and their roles in atherosclerotic lesion dynamics and describe the results of several experiments studying macrophage polarisation in atherosclerosis.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant # 15-15-10022), Russian Federation. The authors wish to thank Dr. Ekaterina A. Ivanova, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, for the help with the preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Sydney, Australia

    Yuri V. Bobryshev

  2. School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia

    Yuri V. Bobryshev

  3. Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia

    Yuri V. Bobryshev, Nikita G. Nikiforov, Natalia V. Elizova & Alexander N. Orekhov

  4. Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 143025, Russia

    Nikita G. Nikiforov, Natalia V. Elizova & Alexander N. Orekhov

  5. Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia

    Alexander N. Orekhov

  6. National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101000, Russia

    Alexander N. Orekhov

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  1. Yuri V. Bobryshev
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  4. Alexander N. Orekhov
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Correspondence to Yuri V. Bobryshev .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Information about Allikor, SkQ1, Vezugen, Cellex and CardioHealth

1.1.1 Allicor

Manufacturer: Inat-Pharma (Russia

Composition: 1 tablet contains 300 mg of garlic powder.

Pharmacological effects: hypocholesterolaemic, antiagregatine, fibrinolytic, hypotensive. Reduces cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma for hyperlipidaemia, slows the development of atherosclerosis, promotes the resorption of existing plaques, reduces blood sugar and blood pressure, inhibits platelet aggregation, normalises the increased blood clotting and promotes lysis of fresh thrombus.

Indications: atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial period, diabetes, migraine, impotence, decreased immunity, pregnancy; prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke; postoperative complications in patients with vascular disease, flu and colds.

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug.

Side effects: None known.

1.1.2 SkQ1

Manufacturer: Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)

Composition: SkQ1 is dissolved in 50% aqueous propylene glycol. The three most important segments of the molecule SkQ1 are Plastohinol, a powerful natural antioxidant carrying electrons from the chloroplasts of plants; C10, transports SkQ1 molecule in the cell membrane; Triphenylphosphonium, positively charged group delivering the components in the mitochondria.

Pharmacological effects: SkQ1 blocks and reduces the amount of free radicals formed by cells and thus prevents apoptosis-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.

Indications: SkQ1 part of the eyedrops Vizomitin (Antioxidant, keratoprotektornoe agent for the treatment of early age-related cataract and the syndrome of “dry eye”), as well as part of the MitoVitan serum

Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to the drug.

Side effects: Allergic reactions.

1.1.3 Vezugen

Producer: JSC “pharm” (Russia)

Composition: peptide complex AC-2 (lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid). Other ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, sugar, beet sugar, lactose, starch, Tween-80.

Pharmacological effects: Peptide complex AC-2 has directed tissue-specific effects on the vascular wall. Vezugen promotes normalisation of the functional state of vessels, regulates metabolism in the cells of the vascular wall, improves the condition of the vessel walls and normalises lipid metabolism.

Indications: general and cerebral arteriosclerosis; hypertension; coronary heart disease; endarteritis; of varicose veins of the lower extremities; systemic and local microcirculation disorders; vascular encephalopathy; hypercholesterolaemia; vascular dystonia; psycho-emotional stress; effects of acute stroke; the impact of various factors on the extreme. Vezugen also used for the prevention of vascular disease in the elderly.

Contraindications: individual intolerance to the components of dietary supplements, pregnancy, breastfeeding.

Side effects: None known.

1.1.4 Cellex

Producer: JSC “Pharm-Sintez” (Russia)

Composition in 1 ml: active substance: polypeptides from hog brain of embryos based on 0.9–2.4 mg of total protein (nominal total protein content—1.65 mg per 1 ml of substance); excipients: 3.75 mg of glycine, 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate solution, 5.85 mg of sodium chloride, 0.005 mg of Polysorbate 80, purified water.

Pharmacological effects: The presence of tissue-specific signalling proteins and polypeptides leads to neuroreparation. The drug activates the secondary neuroprotection by stimulating synaptogenesis processes of autophagy recovery signals. Tissue-specific and systemic restorative effect was found as well as the restoration of the regenerative and reparative potential of the brain cells reducing the number of damaged cells and the severity of perifocal oedema in the penumbra, the restoration of microcirculation and perfusion. Recovers and regulates stimulation of different compartments of central nervous system. The therapeutic effect usually develops within 3–5 days after the start of administration.

Indications: Cerebrovascular diseases.

Contraindications: Epilepsy; Manic psychosis; age of 18 years (due to the lack of clinical data).

Side effects: allergic reactions.

1.1.5 CardioHealth

CardioHealth is a plant complex from the leaves of the European Olive, standardised to oleuropein content (4 mg), Potentilla goose and Andrographis paniculata. CardioHealth has antihypertensive and moderate hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects.

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Bobryshev, Y.V., Nikiforov, N.G., Elizova, N.V., Orekhov, A.N. (2017). Macrophages and Their Contribution to the Development of Atherosclerosis. In: Kloc, M. (eds) Macrophages. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 62. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_11

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