Skip to main content

Laser Treatment in Ethnic Skin

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dermatoanthropology of Ethnic Skin and Hair
  • 1098 Accesses

Abstract

The proper use and administration of laser procedures in darker skinned patients differ from that in those with lighter skin types in several ways. Largely, the higher epidermal melanin content introduces a constant competing chromophore and increases the risk for complications. Consequently, it is a challenge for physicians when treating darker skin types to temper effective treatment with minimal risk to the patient. However, with proper physician training, appropriate laser and laser parameter selections, and suitable patient selection, excellent results can be obtained. Laser procedures can be safely used for a wide variety of conditions including vascular lesions, hair removal, pigmentary disorders, photoaging, and scars.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Chan HH, Alam M, Kono T, Dover JS. Clinical application of lasers in Asians. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28(7):556–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Watanabe S, Takahashi H. Treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched ruby laser. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(26):1745–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim MJ, Bu TS. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori’s nevus) using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(12):1308–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kunachak S, Leelaudomlipi P, Sirikulchayanonta V. Q-Switched ruby laser therapy of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(12):938–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kramer KE, Lopez A, Stefanato CM, Phillips TJ. Exogenous ochronosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(5 Pt 2):869–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bellew SG, Alster TS. Treatment of exogenous ochronosis with a Q-switched alexandrite (755 nm) laser. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(4 Pt 1):555–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tan SK. Exogenous ochronosis - successful outcome after treatment with Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2013;15(5):274–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Collins P, Cotterill JA. Minocycline-induced pigmentation resolves after treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(2):317–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tsao H, Busam K, Barnhill RL, Dover JS. Treatment of minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation with the Q-switched ruby laser. Arch Dermatol. 1996;132(10):1250–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rodrigues M, Bekhor P. Treatment of minocycline-induced cutaneous pigmentation with the picosecond alexandrite (755-nm) laser. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(10):1179–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vangipuram RK, DeLozier WL, Geddes E, Friedman PM. Complete resolution of minocycline pigmentation following a single treatment with non-ablative 1550-nm fractional resurfacing in combination with the 755-nm Q-switched alexandrite laser. Lasers Surg Med. 2016;48(3):234–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Izikson L, Anderson RR. Resolution of blue minocycline pigmentation of the face after fractional photothermolysis. Lasers Surg Med. 2008;40(6):399–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Becker-Wegerich PM, Kuhn A, Malek L, Lehmann P, Megahed M, Ruzicka T. Treatment of nonmelanotic hyperpigmentation with the Q-switched ruby laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43(2 Pt 1):272–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Karrer S, Hohenleutner U, Szeimies RM, Landthaler M. Amiodarone-induced pigmentation resolves after treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135(3):251–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bernstein EF. Q-switched laser treatment of amiodarone pigmentation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(11):1316–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Taylor CR, Anderson RR. Ineffective treatment of refractory melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation by Q-switched ruby laser. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994;20(9):592–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tse Y, Levine VJ, McClain SA, Ashinoff R. The removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions with the Q-switched ruby laser and the Q-switched neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A comparative study. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1994;20(12):795–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cho SB, Kim JS, Kim MJ. Melasma treatment in Korean women using a 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low pulse energy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e847–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi M, Choi JW, Lee SY, Choi SY, Park HJ, Park KC, et al. Low-dose 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of melasma. J Dermatol Treat. 2010;21(4):224–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Moreno Arias GA, Ferrando J. Intense pulsed light for melanocytic lesions. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27(4):397–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zoccali G, Piccolo D, Allegra P, Giuliani M. Melasma treated with intense pulsed light. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010;34(4):486–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Passeron T, Fontas E, Kang HY, Bahadoran P, Lacour JP, Ortonne JP. Melasma treatment with pulsed-dye laser and triple combination cream: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, split-face study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(9):1106–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kroon MW, Wind BS, Beek JF, van der Veen JP, Nieuweboer-Krobotova L, Bos JD, et al. Nonablative 1550-nm fractional laser therapy versus triple topical therapy for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(3):516–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wind BS, Kroon MW, Meesters AA, Beek JF, van der Veen J, Nieuweboer-Krobotová L, et al. Non-ablative 1,550 nm fractional laser therapy versus triple topical therapy for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled split-face study. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(7):607–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Marmon S, Shek SY, Yeung CK, Chan NP, Chan JC, Chan HH. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of the 1,440-nm laser in the treatment of photodamage in Asian skin. Lasers Surg Med. 2014;46(5):375–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jung JY, Cho SB, Chung HJ, Shin JU, Lee KH, Chung KY. Treatment of periorbital wrinkles with 1550- and 1565-nm Er:glass fractional photothermolysis lasers: a simultaneous split-face trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(7):811–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kopera D, Hohenleutner U. Ruby laser treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21(11):994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim JS, Kim MJ, Bu TS. Treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence: report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(10):1206–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, Friedman PM. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(11):1844–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Grossman MC, Anderson RR, Farinelli W, Flotte TJ, Grevelink JM. Treatment of cafe au lait macules with lasers. A clinicopathologic correlation. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(12):1416–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bukhari IA. Removal of amateur blue-black tattoos in Arabic women of skin type (III-IV) with Q-switched alexandrite laser. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2005;4(2):107–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grevelink JM, Duke D, van Leeuwen RL, Gonzalez E, DeCoste SD, Anderson RR. Laser treatment of tattoos in darkly pigmented patients: efficacy and side effects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(4):653–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jones A, Roddey P, Orengo I, Rosen T. The Q-switched Nd: YAG laser effectively treats tattoos in darkly pigmented skin. Dermatol Surg. 1996;22(12):999–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang CC, Sue YM, Yang CH, Chen CK. A comparison of Q-switched alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light for the treatment of freckles and lentigines in Asian persons: a randomized, physician-blinded, split-face comparative trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(5):804–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ghaninejhadi H, Ehsani A, Edrisi L, Gholamali F, Akbari Z, Noormohammadpour P. Solar lentigines: evaluating pulsed dye laser (PDL) as an effective treatment option. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(1):33–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Jackson BA. Lasers in ethnic skin: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(6 Suppl):S134–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jackson B, Junkins-Hopkins J, editors. Effect of pulsewidth variation on laser hair removal in African-American skin. 1999 oral presentation ASDS meeting Miami, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jackson B. Lasers in skin of color. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2003;16:57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Goh CL. Comparative study on a single treatment response to long pulse Nd:YAG lasers and intense pulse light therapy for hair removal on skin type IV to VI–is longer wavelengths lasers preferred over shorter wavelengths lights for assisted hair removal. J Dermatol Treat. 2003;14(4):243–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Spoor T. Treatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra with the 532 nm diode laser. Cosmet Dermatol. 2001;14(10):21–3.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Friedman PM. Dermatosis papulosa nigra treatment with fractional photothermolysis. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(11):1840–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rusciani A, Motta A, Fino P, Menichini G. Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte using intense pulsed light source: 7 years of experience. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(3):314–9 (discussion 9).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Weiss RA, Goldman MP, Weiss MA. Treatment of poikiloderma of Civatte with an intense pulsed light source. Dermatol Surg. 2000;26(9):823–7 (discussion 8).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chang CJ, Nelson JS. Cryogen spray cooling and higher fluence pulsed dye laser treatment improve port-wine stain clearance while minimizing epidermal damage. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(10):767–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sommer S, Sheehan-Dare RA. Pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains in pigmented skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(4):667–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chen W, Liu S, Yang C, Yang S. Clinical efficacy of the 595 nm pulsed dye laser in the treatment of childhood superficial hemangioma - analysis of 10-year application in Chinese patients. J Dermatol Treat. 2015;26(1):54–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kono T, Ercocen AR, Nakazawa H, Nozaki M. Treatment of hypertrophic scars using a long-pulsed dye laser with cryogen-spray cooling. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54(5):487–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cho S, Jung JY, Shin JU, Lee JH. Non-ablative 1550 nm erbium-glass and ablative 10,600 nm carbon dioxide fractional lasers for various types of scars in Asian people: evaluation of 100 patients. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(1):42–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Battle EF Jr, Hobbs LM. Laser therapy on darker ethnic skin. Dermatol Clin. 2003;21(4):713–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation. Science. 1983;220(4596):524–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vashi NA. Cosmetic interventions for dyschromia: lasers. Aestheticians J. 2014;4(5):16–20.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Arora P, Sarkar R, Garg VK, Arya L. Lasers for treatment of melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2012;5(2):93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Bernestein LJ, Geronemus RG. Keloid formation with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser during isotretinoin treatment. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133(1):111–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Alster TS, Tanzi EL. Complications in laser and light surgery. In: Goldberg LH, editor. Lasers and lights, vol. II. 2nd ed. USA: Saunders; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jang WS, Lee CK, Kim BJ, Kim MN. Efficacy of 694-nm Q-switched ruby fractional laser treatment of melasma in female Korean patients. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37(8):1133–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Taylor CR, Flotte TJ, Gange RW, Anderson RR. Treatment of nevus of Ota by Q-switched ruby laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(5):743–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Geronemus RG. Q-switched ruby laser therapy of nevus of Ota. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(12):1618–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Chesnut C, Diehl J, Lask G. Treatment of nevus of Ota with a picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41(4):508–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Chan JC, Shek SY, Kono T, Yeung CK, Chan HH. A retrospective analysis on the management of pigmented lesions using a picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser in Asians. Lasers Surg Med. 2016;48(1):23–9.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Alster TS, Lupton JR. Laser therapy for cutaneous hyperpigmentation and pigmented lesions. Dermatol Ther. 2001;14(1):46–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wattanakrai P, Mornchan R, Eimpunth S. Low-fluence Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (1,064 nm) laser for the treatment of facial melasma in Asians. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(1):76–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chan NP, Ho SG, Shek SY, Yeung CK, Chan HH. A case series of facial depigmentation associated with low fluence Q-switched 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser for skin rejuvenation and melasma. Lasers Surg Med. 2010;42(8):712–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kauvar AN. Successful treatment of melasma using a combination of microdermabrasion and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers. Lasers Surg Med. 2012;44(2):117–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim MJ, Kim JS, Cho SB. Punctate leucoderma after melasma treatment using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low pulse energy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(8):960–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dogliotti M, Leibowitz M. Granulomatous ochronosis - a cosmetic-induced skin disorder in Blacks. S Afr Med J. 1979;56(19):757–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Simmons BJ, Griffith RD, Bray FN, Falto-Aizpurua LA, Nouri K. Exogenous ochronosis: a comprehensive review of the diagnosis, epidemiology, causes, and treatments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2015;16(3):205–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kawada A, Asai M, Kameyama H, Sangen Y, Aragane Y, Tezuka T, et al. Videomicroscopic and histopathological investigation of intense pulsed light therapy for solar lentigines. J Dermatol Sci. 2002;29(2):91–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Figueiredo Souza L, Trancoso Souza S. Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25(5):477–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Wang CC, Hui CY, Sue YM, Wong WR, Hong HS. Intense pulsed light for the treatment of refractory melasma in Asian persons. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(9):1196–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kawada A, Shiraishi H, Asai M, Kameyama H, Sangen Y, Aragane Y, et al. Clinical improvement of solar lentigines and ephelides with an intense pulsed light source. Dermatol Surg. 2002;28(6):504–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Lin J, Chan H. Pigmentary disorders in Asian skin: treatment with laser and intense pulsed light sources. Skin Ther Lett. 2006;11(8):8–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Plonka PM, Passeron T, Brenner M, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Thomas A, et al. What are melanocytes really doing all day long…? Exp Dermatol. 2009;18(9):799–819.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Passeron T. Long-lasting effect of vascular targeted therapy of melasma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(3):e141–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Chan HH, Wong DS, Ho WS, Lam LK, Wei W. The use of pulsed dye laser for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars in Chinese persons. Dermatol Surg. 2004;30(7):987–94 (discussion 94).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kono T, Ercocen AR, Nakazawa H, Honda T, Hayashi N, Nozaki M. The flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser (585 nm) treatment of hypertrophic scars in Asians. Ann Plast Surg. 2003;51(4):366–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Gabbiani G, Badonnel MC. Early changes of endothelial clefts after thermal injury. Microvasc Res. 1975;10(1):65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Ehrlich HP, Kelley SF. Hypertrophic scar: an interruption in the remodeling of repair–a laser Doppler blood flow study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;90(6):993–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Chae WS, Seong JY, Jung HN, Kong SH, Kim MH, Suh HS, et al. Comparative study on efficacy and safety of 1550 nm Er: Glass fractional laser and fractional radiofrequency microneedle device for facial atrophic acne scar. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(2):100–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Tierney EP, Hanke CW. Review of the literature: Treatment of dyspigmentation with fractionated resurfacing. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(10):1499–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Hantash BM, Bedi VP, Sudireddy V, Struck SK, Herron GS, Chan KF. Laser-induced transepidermal elimination of dermal content by fractional photothermolysis. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11(4):041115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Manstein D, Herron GS, Sink RK, Tanner H, Anderson RR. Fractional photothermolysis: a new concept for cutaneous remodeling using microscopic patterns of thermal injury. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;34(5):426–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Food and Drug Administration. 510(k) summary for the Lutronic corporatoin Spectra laser system. In: Department of Health & Human Services, editor. Silver Spring, MD 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Food and Drug Administration. Section 5: 510(k) summary statement. In: Department of Health & Human Services, editor. Silver Spring, MD 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sherling M, Friedman PM, Adrian R, Burns AJ, Conn H, Fitzpatrick R, et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of an erbium-doped 1,550-nm fractionated laser and its applications in dermatologic laser surgery. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36(4):461–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tannous ZS, Astner S. Utilizing fractional resurfacing in the treatment of therapy-resistant melasma. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2005;7(1):39–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Rokhsar CK, Fitzpatrick RE. The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(12):1645–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Barysch MJ, Rummelein B, Kolm I, Karpova MB, Schonewolf N, Bogdan Allemann I, et al. Split-face study of melasma patients treated with non-ablative fractionated photothermolysis (1540 nm). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(4):423–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lee HS, Won CH, Lee DH, An JS, Chang HW, Lee JH, et al. Treatment of melasma in Asian skin using a fractional 1,550-nm laser: an open clinical study. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(10):1499–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Naito SK. Fractional photothermolysis treatment for resistant melasma in Chinese females. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2007;9(3):161–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chan HH, Manstein D, Yu CS, Shek S, Kono T, Wei WI. The prevalence and risk factors of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation after fractional resurfacing in Asians. Lasers Surg Med. 2007;39(5):381–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Rivas S, Pandya AG. Treatment of melasma with topical agents, peels and lasers: an evidence-based review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2013;14(5):359–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Graber EM, Tanzi EL, Alster TS. Side effects and complications of fractional laser photothermolysis: experience with 961 treatments. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(3):301–5 (discussion 5–7).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neelam A. Vashi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cheng, J., Vashi, N.A. (2017). Laser Treatment in Ethnic Skin. In: Vashi, N., Maibach, H. (eds) Dermatoanthropology of Ethnic Skin and Hair. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53961-4_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53961-4_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53960-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53961-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics