Abstract
Globalization is, in a certain sense, the apex of the internationalization of the capitalist world. In order to understand it, just as any other phase of history, there are two fundamental elements to take into account: the state of techniques and the state of politics. There is a tendency to separate one thing from the other, which results in many interpretations of history from the perspective of techniques and, on the other hand, interpretations of history from the perspective of politics. In reality, there was never in human history a separation between these two things. Techniques are offered as a system and realized in a combined way, both through labour and the manner by which the moments and places of the use of techniques are chosen. This is how history was produced.
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Notes
- 1.
T.N.: There is an ambiguity in this sentence that is impossible to replicate in English. Santos’s Portuguese could be interpreted as ‘This is what history produced’, or as ‘This is how history was produced’. We have opted for the latter, which strikes us as being more logically consistent.
- 2.
T.N.: Santos frequently uses the terms ‘solidary’ and ‘solidarity’ in his writings. They do not have the exclusive connotations of help, charity or altruism, but also stand for the connections, agreements, and combinations formed between agents. Thus, depending on the passage in question, these words may have a more neutral connotation than would be commonly understood in English.
- 3.
T.N.: Milton Santos utilizes the Portuguese terms mundialização, which derives from the French mondialisation, and globalização, which derives from English. In order to preserve Santos’s style and the subtle distinction between his terms, we have translated mundialização with the English neologism ‘mundialization’, rather than as ‘globalization’.
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Santos (Deceased), M. (2017). The Production of Globalization. In: Toward an Other Globalization: From the Single Thought to Universal Conscience. Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53892-1_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53892-1_2
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