Abstract
In this chapter, all verifiable computing schemes discussed in this survey are summarized and their properties are highlighted. We first summarize for each type of verifiable computing scheme presented in the survey, i.e. proof and argument based verifiable computing, verifiable computing from fully homomorphic encryption, homomorphic authenticators, verifiable computing frameworks from functional encryption and functional signatures, and verifiable computing for specific applications, which properties they provide. Like in the rest of the survey the properties concerned are the level of security the scheme provides, how efficient the verification process is, whether anyone or only the client can check the correctness of the result, which function class the verifiable computing scheme supports, and whether privacy with respect to the input and/or output data is given. Afterwards, we discuss to what extent the schemes provide long-term privacy, i.e. are secure against attackers with unbounded computation power. Finally, we discuss for which approaches implementations are available.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
B. Applebaum, Y. Ishai, E. Kushilevitz, From secrecy to soundness: efficient verification via secure computation, in Automata, Languages and Programming, 37th International Colloquium, ICALP 2010, Proceedings, Part I, Bordeaux, 6–10 July 2010, pp. 152–163
M. Backes, D. Fiore, R.M. Reischuk, Verifiable delegation of computation on outsourced data, in 2013 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS’13, Berlin, 4–8 November 2013, pp. 863–874
M. Backes, M. Barbosa, D. Fiore, R.M. Reischuk, ADSNARK: nearly practical and privacy-preserving proofs on authenticated data, in 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2015, San Jose, CA, 17–21 May 2015, pp. 271–286
M. Barbosa, P. Farshim, Delegatable homomorphic encryption with applications to secure outsourcing of computation, in Topics in Cryptology - CT-RSA 2012 - The Cryptographers’ Track at the RSA Conference 2012, Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, 27 February–2 March 2012, pp. 296–312
E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, D. Genkin, E. Tromer, M. Virza, SNARKs for C: verifying program executions succinctly and in zero knowledge, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2013 - 33rd Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Part II, Santa Barbara, CA, 18–22 August 2013, pp. 90–108
E. Ben-Sasson, A. Chiesa, E. Tromer, M. Virza, Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture, in Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, 20–22 August 2014, pp. 781–796
E. Boyle, S. Goldwasser, I. Ivan, Functional signatures and pseudorandom functions, in Public-Key Cryptography - PKC 2014 - 17th International Conference on Practice and Theory in Public-Key Cryptography, Proceedings, Buenos Aires, 26–28 March 2014, pp. 501–519
Z. Brakerski, C. Gentry, V. Vaikuntanathan, Fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping. Electron. Colloq. Comput. Complex. 18, 111 (2011)
B. Braun, A.J. Feldman, Z. Ren, S.T.V. Setty, A.J. Blumberg, M. Walfish, Verifying computations with state, in ACM SIGOPS 24th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, SOSP ’13, Farmington, PA, 3–6 November 2013, pp. 341–357
D. Catalano, D. Fiore, R. Gennaro, K. Vamvourellis, Algebraic (trapdoor) one-way functions and their applications, in TCC (2013), pp. 680–699
D. Catalano, D. Fiore, B. Warinschi, Homomorphic signatures with efficient verification for polynomial functions, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2014 - 34th Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Part I, Santa Barbara, CA, 17–21 August 2014, pp. 371–389
D. Catalano, D. Fiore, L. Nizzardo, Programmable hash functions go private: constructions and applications to (homomorphic) signatures with shorter public keys, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2015 - 35th Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Part II, Santa Barbara, CA, 16–20 August 2015, pp. 254–274
B. Chevallier-Mames, J. Coron, N. McCullagh, D. Naccache, M. Scott, Secure delegation of elliptic-curve pairing, in Smart Card Research and Advanced Application, 9th IFIP WG 8.8/11.2 International Conference, CARDIS 2010, Proceedings, Passau, 14–16 April 2010, pp. 24–35
K. Chung, Y.T. Kalai, S.P. Vadhan, Improved delegation of computation using fully homomorphic encryption, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2010, 30th Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Santa Barbara, CA, 15–19 August 2010, pp. 483–501
C. Costello, C. Fournet, J. Howell, M. Kohlweiss, B. Kreuter, M. Naehrig, B. Parno, S. Zahur, Geppetto: versatile verifiable computation, in 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2015, San Jose, CA, 17–21 May 2015, pp. 253–270
K. Elkhiyaoui, M. Önen, M. Azraoui, R. Molva, Efficient techniques for publicly verifiable delegation of computation, in Proceedings of the 11th ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, AsiaCCS 2016, Xi’an, 30 May–3 June 2016, pp. 119–128
D. Fiore, R. Gennaro, V. Pastro, Efficiently Verifiable computation on encrypted data, in Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Scottsdale, AZ, 3–7 November 2014, pp. 844–855
R. Gennaro, C. Gentry, B. Parno, Non-interactive verifiable computing: outsourcing computation to untrusted workers, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2010, 30th Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Santa Barbara, CA, 15–19 August 2010, pp. 465–482
C. Gentry, D. Wichs, Separating succinct non-interactive arguments from all falsifiable assumptions, in Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2011, San Jose, CA, 6–8 June 2011, pp. 99–108
http://cs.utexas.edu/pepper. Retrieved 18 Apr 2016
http://research.microsoft.com/verifcomp/. Retrieved 18 Apr 2016
https://github.com/scipr-lab/libsnark. Retrieved 18 Apr 2016
A.E. Kosba, D. Papadopoulos, C. Papamanthou, M.F. Sayed, E. Shi, N. Triandopoulos, TRUESET: faster verifiable set computations, in Proceedings of the 23rd USENIX Security Symposium, San Diego, CA, 20–22 August 2014, pp. 765–780
J. Lai, R.H. Deng, H. Pang, J. Weng, Verifiable computation on outsourced encrypted data, in Computer Security - ESORICS 2014 - 19th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Proceedings, Part I, Wroclaw, 7–11 September 2014, pp. 273–291
C. Papamanthou, E. Shi, R. Tamassia, Signatures of correct computation, in TCC (2013), pp. 222–242
B. Parno, M. Raykova, V. Vaikuntanathan, How to delegate and verify in public: verifiable computation from attribute-based encryption, in Theory of Cryptography - 9th Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2012, Proceedings, Taormina, 19–21 March 2012, pp. 422–439
B. Parno, J. Howell, C. Gentry, M. Raykova, Pinocchio: nearly practical verifiable computation, in 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2013, Berkeley, CA, 19–22 May 2013, pp. 238–252
S.T.V. Setty, R. McPherson, A.J. Blumberg, M. Walfish, Making argument systems for outsourced computation practical (sometimes), in 19th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2012, San Diego, CA, 5–8 February 2012
S.T.V. Setty, V. Vu, N. Panpalia, B. Braun, A.J. Blumberg, M. Walfish, Taking proof-based verified computation a few steps closer to practicality, in Proceedings of the 21th USENIX Security Symposium, Bellevue, WA, 8–10 August 2012, pp. 253–268
S.T.V. Setty, B. Braun, V. Vu, A.J. Blumberg, B. Parno, M. Walfish, Resolving the conflict between generality and plausibility in verified computation, in Eighth Eurosys Conference 2013, EuroSys ’13, Prague, 14–17 April 2013, pp. 71–84
Y. Sun, Y. Yu, X. Li, K. Zhang, H. Qian, Y. Zhou, Batch verifiable computation with public verifiability for outsourcing polynomials and matrix computations, in Information Security and Privacy - 21st Australasian Conference, ACISP 2016, Proceedings, Part I, Melbourne, VIC, 4–6 July 2016, pp. 293–309
C. Tang, Y. Chen, Efficient non-interactive verifiable outsourced computation for arbitrary functions. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive (2014), p. 439
J. Thaler, Time-optimal interactive proofs for circuit evaluation, in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2013 - 33rd Annual Cryptology Conference, Proceedings, Part II, Santa Barbara, CA, 18–22 August 2013, pp. 71–89
J. Thaler, M. Roberts, M. Mitzenmacher, H. Pfister, Verifiable computation with massively parallel interactive proofs, in 4th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing, HotCloud’12, Boston, MA, 12–13 June 2012
V. Vu, S.T.V. Setty, A.J. Blumberg, M. Walfish, A hybrid architecture for interactive verifiable computation, in 2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2013, Berkeley, CA, 19–22 May 2013, pp. 223–237
R.S. Wahby, S.T.V. Setty, Z. Ren, A.J. Blumberg, M. Walfish, Efficient RAM and control flow in verifiable outsourced computation, in 22nd Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2015, San Diego, CA, 8–11 February 2015
G. Xu, G.T. Amariucai, Y. Guan, Verifiable computation with reduced informational costs and computational costs, in Computer Security - ESORICS 2014 - 19th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Proceedings, Part I, Wroclaw, 7–11 September 2014, pp. 292–309
L.F. Zhang, R. Safavi-Naini, Generalized homomorphic MACs with efficient verification, in ASIAPKC’14, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Wookshop on ASIA Public-Key Cryptography, Kyoto, 3 June 2014, pp. 3–12
F. Zhang, X. Ma, S. Liu, Efficient computation outsourcing for inverting a class of homomorphic functions. Inf. Sci. 286, 19–28 (2014)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demirel, D., Schabhüser, L., Buchmann, J. (2017). Analysis of the State of the Art. In: Privately and Publicly Verifiable Computing Techniques. SpringerBriefs in Computer Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53798-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53798-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53797-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53798-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)