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Southeast Asia

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Decolonisations Compared

Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

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Abstract

The third chapter deals with a much larger region and a longer history. Unlike Central America, Southeast Asia was never, save for the brief interlude of the Japanese occupation, under the control of one power. Instead, outside powers divided the region among themselves. The frontiers they created for their colonial states were generally inherited by the nation states that emerged after the Second World War. The acceptance of them within the region – despite their contestable nature – made it possible for sovereign states to collaborate in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), preserving their independence and limiting the intervention of the great powers.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Diokno, pp. 47–8.

  2. 2.

    Carol Delaney, Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem, New York: Free Press, 2011, pp. 109, 115, 237.

  3. 3.

    Commentaries, London: Hakluyt Society, 1875–84, III, pp. 116–18.

  4. 4.

    L.Y.Andaya, The Kingdom of Johor 1641–1728, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975, p. 197.

  5. 5.

    George Canning’s phrase, quoted in N. Tarling, Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Malay World, 1780–1824, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, p. 155.

  6. 6.

    Strangways to Barrow, 9 January 1838. FO 37/213, The National Archives [TNA], Kew.

  7. 7.

    Memorandum, 18 August 1860. F.O. 12/28, TNA.

  8. 8.

    Loudon to Van de Putte, 25 February 1873, quoted in A. Reid, The Contest for North Sumatra, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 95.

  9. 9.

    H. Sutherland, The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite, Singapore: Heinemann, 1979, p. 45.

  10. 10.

    Quoted in H.S. Nordholt, The Spell of Power, Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996, pp. 210–11.

  11. 11.

    Quoted in H.S. Nordholt, Bali: Colonial Conceptions and Political Change, 1700–1840, Rotterdam: CASP, 1986, p. 5.

  12. 12.

    Robert C. Bone, The Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) Problem, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1958, pp. 11–12.

  13. 13.

    N. Tarling, British Policy in the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, 1824–1871, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 189.

  14. 14.

    The treaty is in Heike Krieger, ed., East Timor and the International Community, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 1–2. See also René Pélissier, Timor en Guerre Le Crocodile et les Portugais, Orgeval: Pélissier, 1996, p. 39.

  15. 15.

    The convention and the declaration are found in Krieger, pp. 2–3.

  16. 16.

    Ibid., pp. 6–17.

  17. 17.

    Quoted in N. Tarling, The Burthen, the Risk and the Glory, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 80.

  18. 18.

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  19. 19.

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  20. 20.

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  21. 21.

    Quoted in W.D. McIntyre, The Imperial Frontier in the Tropics, London: Macmillan, 1967, p. 205.

  22. 22.

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  23. 23.

    E. Sadka, The Protected Malay States, Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1968, p. 102.

  24. 24.

    Quoted in Aruna Gopinath, Pahang 1880–1933, Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS, 1991, p. 87.

  25. 25.

    Quoted in J.S. Sidhu, Administration in the Federated Malay States 1896–1920, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 38.

  26. 26.

    Quoted in J.M. Gullick, Rulers and Residents, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 151.

  27. 27.

    Brooke to Palmerston, 5 October 1850. FO 69/1, TNA.

  28. 28.

    The phrase is used in Palmerston to Brooke, 18.12.49. FO 69/12.

  29. 29.

    E. Thio, ‘Britain’s search for security in North Malaya, 1886–97’, Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10, 2 (September 1969), p. 285.

  30. 30.

    Quoted in Walter Tips, Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns and the Making of Modern Siam, Bangkok: White Lotus, 1996, p. 114.

  31. 31.

    Quoted in J. Chandran, The Contest for Siam 1889–1902, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit UKM, 1977, p. 222.

  32. 32.

    Quoted in A.L. Moffat, Mongkut, the King of Siam, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961, p. 124.

  33. 33.

    Quoted in A. Lamb, The Mandarin Road to Old Hué, London: Chatto, p. 233.

  34. 34.

    Quoted in P. Tuck, French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam, 1857–1914, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1987, p. 51.

  35. 35.

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  36. 36.

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  37. 37.

    Brooke to Palmerston, 5 October 1850. FO 69/1.

  38. 38.

    M. Symes, An Account of an Embassy to the Kingdom of Ava, London, 1800, pp. 463–4.

  39. 39.

    Quoted in G.J. Ramachandra, ‘The outbreak of the first Anglo-Burmese War’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 51,2 (1978), p. 82.

  40. 40.

    N. Tarling, ed., The Journal of Henry Burney, Auckland: The University of Auckland New Zealand Asia Institute, 1995, p. 27.

  41. 41.

    Quoted in W.S. Desai, The History of the British Residency in Burma, Rangoon: University of Rangoon Press, 1939, pp. 295–6.

  42. 42.

    Quoted in ibid., p. 309.

  43. 43.

    Quoted in D. G. E. Hall, ed., The Dalhousie-Phayre Correspondence, London: Oxford University Press, 1932, p. xix.

  44. 44.

    Quoted in Aparna Mukherjee, British Colonial Policy in Burma, Delhi: Abhinau, 1988, p. 121.

  45. 45.

    Quoted in Hall, Dalhousie-Phayre, p. xxv.

  46. 46.

    Quoted in O. Pollak, Empires in Collision, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979, p. 110.

  47. 47.

    C.L. Keeton, King Thebaw and the Ecological Rape of Burma, Delhi: Manohar, 1974, app. D, pp. 370–1.

  48. 48.

    Quoted in ibid., p. 243.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., p. 252.

  50. 50.

    Quoted in Ni Ni Myint, Burma’s Struggle against British Imperialism, Rangoon: Universities Press, 1983, p. 114.

  51. 51.

    John Ramsden, Man of the Century, London: HarperCollins, 2002, p. 71.

  52. 52.

    FRUS Japan, I, p. 326.

  53. 53.

    N. Graebner, ‘Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Japanese’, in D. Borg and S. Okamoto, eds, Pearl Harbor as History, New York: Columbia University Press, 1973, pp. 47–8.

  54. 54.

    Grant to Hull, 27 January 1941, 48. FRUS V, p. 44.

  55. 55.

    Quoted in E.B. Reynolds, Thailand and Japan’s Southern Advance, New York: St Martin’s, 1994, p. 158.

  56. 56.

    John Legge, Sukarno, Penguin, 1973, p. 190.

  57. 57.

    L.G. Noble, Philippine Policy towards Sabah, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977, p. 52.

  58. 58.

    Tarling, Sulu, p. 342. Agnes Newton Keith, White Man’s Return, Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1951, pp. 244–56.

  59. 59.

    Telegram, 17 August 1945, 361. FO 371/46578 [F5226/518/40], TNA.

  60. 60.

    Telegram, 9 January 1946, 23. FRUS, VIII, p. 982. Shane Strate, The Lost Territories, Honolulu: The University of Hawai’i Press, 2015, p. 131.

  61. 61.

    Ag. S/S to Ag Representative UN, 28 June 1946, 114. ibid., p. 1029.

  62. 62.

    British Malaya, May 1943, p. 143.

  63. 63.

    Minute, 5 January 1942 [for 43]. CO 825/35 Part 1 [55104/1/2 Pt 1], TNA.

  64. 64.

    Draft memorandum in Monson/Broad, 15 June 1943. FO 371/35979 [F3088/222/40].

  65. 65.

    A.J. Stockwell, British Policy and Malayan Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1979, p. 143.

  66. 66.

    Petition, 1 November 1945, quoted in Clive Christie, A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonisation, Nationalism and Separatism, London, New York: IB Tauris, 1996, pp. 227–9.

  67. 67.

    See Duncan McCargo, Tearing the Land Apart. Islam and Legitimacy in Thailand, Ithaca, NY, London: Cornell University Press, 2008.

  68. 68.

    C.L.M. Penders, The West New Guinea Debacle, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002, p. 88.

  69. 69.

    Quoted in ibid., pp. 100–1.

  70. 70.

    N. Tarling, ‘“Cold Storage”: British policy and the beginnings of the Irian Barat/West New Guinea Dispute’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 46, 2 (June 2000), p. 178.

  71. 71.

    The Times, 26 July 1857.

  72. 72.

    Coral Bell, Survey of International Affairs 1954, London: Oxford University Press, 1957, p. 245.

  73. 73.

    Tory/Secretary of State Commonwealth Relations, 19.12.58, Despatch 19. FO 371/143723 [D1022/3].

  74. 74.

    Cradock/Newsam, 21 February 1958. DO 35/9913 [1], TNA.

  75. 75.

    Canadian Embassy Jakarta/Ottawa, 15 January 1959, 33. PM 434/10/1 Pt 2, National Archives, Wellington [hereinafter Pt 2].

  76. 76.

    Ag Commissioner for New Zealand in South East Asia in Singapore/Wellington, 23 January 1959. ibid.

  77. 77.

    FO/Williams, 26 May 1959. FO 371/143723 [D1022/10].

  78. 78.

    Telegram ex Kuala Lumpur, 28 November 1959, 187S. FO 371/143723 [D 1022/23].

  79. 79.

    Telegram, 28 April 1960, 258. DO 35/9913 [94].

  80. 80.

    Telegram ex KL, 5 August 1960, 165S. FO 371/152141 [D1022/30].

  81. 81.

    Brown/Wellington, 25 April 1961. Pt 2.

  82. 82.

    Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl, Regional Organization in South-East Asia, New York: St Martin’s, 1982, pp. 21–2.

  83. 83.

    Bennett/Wellington, 9 November 1962. PM 43410/1 Pt 3.

  84. 84.

    Gatty/Howells, 2 August 1962. FO 371/166632 [D1121/13].

  85. 85.

    Record of Conversation, 25 June 1962. FO 371/1666362 [D1121/11].

  86. 86.

    Chapman for HC/Secretary, 18 April 1963. PM 434/10/1 Pt 3.

  87. 87.

    B.K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966, p. 23.

  88. 88.

    J.A.C. Mackie, Konfrontasi, New York: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 148.

  89. 89.

    Gordon, pp. 70–1.

  90. 90.

    A. Jorgensen-Dahl, Regional Organization in South-East Asia, New York: St Martins, 1982, p. 26.

  91. 91.

    Quoted in Gordon, p. 102.

  92. 92.

    Quoted in ibid., pp. 104, 102n.

  93. 93.

    Ibid., p. 107n.

  94. 94.

    Ibid., p. 71.

  95. 95.

    Ibid., p. 24.

  96. 96.

    Ibid., p. 25.

  97. 97.

    Ibid., p. 40.

  98. 98.

    Mackie, p. 318.

  99. 99.

    C.L. Booth Bangkok/Donald Murray SEAD, 17 December 1965. FO 371/180221 [D1121/5].

  100. 100.

    Enclosure A in ibid.

  101. 101.

    Quoted in Jorgensen-Dahl, p. 33.

  102. 102.

    Phillips/Murray, 16 August 1966. FO 371/185931 [D1121/31].

  103. 103.

    Telegram, 22 May 1967, 496. FCO 24/16[40], TNA.

  104. 104.

    Roger Irvine, ‘The formative years of ASEAN: 1967–1975’, in A. Broinowski, ed., Understanding ASEAN, New York: St Martin’s; Australian IIA, 1982, p. 13.

  105. 105.

    Hunn for HC/Secretary, 1 July 1966. PM 434/10/1 Pt 3.

  106. 106.

    Christopher Goscha, The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam, London: Allan Lane, 2016, p. 408.

  107. 107.

    Irvine, p. 32.

  108. 108.

    Quoted in Irvine, p 32.

  109. 109.

    Financial Times, 5 May 1975.

  110. 110.

    Ibid., 14 May 1975.

  111. 111.

    Times, 14 May 1975.

  112. 112.

    Quoted in Jorgensen-Dahl, p. 84.

  113. 113.

    Irvine, p. 35.

  114. 114.

    David Irvine, ‘Making haste less slowly: ASEAN from 1975‘, in Broinowski, Understanding ASEAN, p. 42.

  115. 115.

    R. Irvine, p. 35.

  116. 116.

    D. Irvine, p. 42.

  117. 117.

    Woolcott to Peacock, 3 March 1976. FCO 15/2174 [56], TNA.

  118. 118.

    Far Eastern Economic Review, 5.3.76.

  119. 119.

    Walter Woon, The ASEAN Charter A Commentary, Singapore: NUS Press, 2016 p. 174.

  120. 120.

    M. Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of South-East Asia, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 9.

  121. 121.

    Strate, pp. 186–7.

  122. 122.

    Puang R. Pawakapan. State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear, Singapore: ISEAS, 2013. pp. 70ff.

  123. 123.

    Pavi Chachavalpongpun, ‘Glorifying the inglorious past’, in N. Ganesan, ed., Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2015, pp. 138–65, at p. 157.

  124. 124.

    Woon, pp. 170, 196.

  125. 125.

    Telegram, 17 December 1941, 1659. FO 371/27797 [F13860/222/61].

  126. 126.

    Telegram to Halifax, 17 December 1941, 6992. FO 371/27797 [F13808/222/61].

  127. 127.

    Goto Ken’ichi, Tensions of Empire, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University/Singapore University Press, 2003, pp. 34–5.

  128. 128.

    Ibid., p. 37.

  129. 129.

    Burton/Wheeler, 2 July 1947. P. Dorling, ed., Diplomasi Australia and Indonesia’s Independence, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994, p. 106.

  130. 130.

    Laura S. Meitzner Yoder, ‘The formation and remarkable persistence of the Oecusse-Ambeno enclave, Timor’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 47, 2 (June 2016), p. 302.

  131. 131.

    William F.S. Miles, Scars of Partition Postcolonial Legacies in French and British Borderlands, Lincoln, London: University of Nebraska Press, 2014, pp. 254, 288–9.

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Tarling, N. (2017). Southeast Asia. In: Decolonisations Compared. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53649-1_3

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