Central America

Tarling, Nicholas

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53649-1_2

Nicholas Tarling⁴

Part of the book series: Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series ((CIPCSS))

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Abstract

The second chapter studies Central America. The collapse of Spanish rule was followed by attempts to create some kind of unity in the region, largely overtaken by the emergence of separate states with disputed frontiers and at odds with one another. The region was thus highly exposed to great-power intervention, particularly, of course, that of the USA.

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Notes

1.
Richard R. Johnson, Adjustment to Empire, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1981, pp. 409, 420.
2.
Robert W. Tucker and David Hendrickson, The Fall of the First British Empire, Baltimore, MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, p. 93.
3.
John Lynch, ‘The origins of Spanish American Independence’, in Leslie Bethell, ed., The Cambridge History of Latin America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985, III, p. 8.
4.
Jay Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America. Civil Wars, Revolutions, and Underdevelopment, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994, p. 14.
5.
Ibid., p. 16.
6.
Franklin D. Parker, The Central American Republics, London: Oxford University Press, 1964, p. 60. Harold D. Nelson, ed., Costa Rica, Washington: US Government, 1983, p. 16.
7.
Kinsbruner, p. 20.
8.
Ibid., p. 32.
9.
Ibid., p. 37.
10.
Lynch in Bethell, p. 32.
11.
John Charles Chasteen, Americanos. Latin America’s Struggle for Independence, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 57.
12.
Maris L. Diokno, ed., Reframing the Cádiz Constitution in Philippine History, Manila: National Historical Commission, 2013, pp. xiii, 57.
13.
Chasteen, pp. 72–3, 91.
14.
Diokno, pp. 108, 109.
15.
Chasteen, pp. 94, 100.
16.
Ibid., p. 101.
17.
Ibid., p. 106.
18.
Kinsbruner, p. 69.
19.
Quoted in Chasteen, p. 122.
20.
Kinsbruner, p. 71.
21.
Ibid., p. 80.
22.
Quoted in Chasteen, p. 145.
23.
Quoted in ibid., p. 143.
24.
Ibid., pp. 157, 160–1.
25.
Ibid., p. 161.
26.
Parker, p. 77.
27.
Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty, eds, Panama A Country Study, Washington: US Government, 1989, p. 16.
28.
Chasteen, p. 165.
29.
Meditz and Hanratty, p. 17.
30.
Quoted in ibid., p. 17.
31.
Quoted In Laurentino Gomes, 1808.The Flight of the Emperor, Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2013, p. 236.
32.
Bethell, ‘The independence of Brazil’, in Bethell, CHLA, p. 192.
33.
Quoted in Meditz and Hanratty, p. 17.
34.
Quoted in Karl Bermann, Under the Big Stick. Nicaragua and the United States since 1848, Boston, MA: South End Press, 1986, p. 6.
35.
Luis Roniger, Transnational Politics in Central America, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011, p. 25.
36.
Kinsbruner, pp. 141–2.
37.
Quoted in Parker, p. 78.
38.
Roniger, p. 23.
39.
Quoted in Roniger, p. 23.
40.
Ralph Lee Woodward, Central America. A Nation Divided, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1999, p. 94.
41.
Roniger, p. 28.
42.
Woodward, p. 95.
43.
Ibid., p. 96.
44.
Ibid., p. 109.
45.
Ibid., p. 111.
46.
Roniger, p. 29.
47.
Ibid., p. 28.
48.
Woodward, p. 119.
49.
Roniger, p. 30.
50.
Ibid., p. 31.
51.
Ibid., p. 39.
52.
Bermann, p. 29.
53.
Ibid., p. 79.
54.
Ibid., p. 55.
55.
Thomas M. Leonard, Central America and the United States, Athens, London: University of Georgia Press, 1991, pp. 24, 25.
56.
Bermann, pp. 97, 102.
57.
Roniger, p. 48.
58.
Woodward, p. 153.
59.
Parker, p. 186.
60.
Woodward, p. 154.
61.
Ibid., p. 154.
62.
Ibid., p. 154.
63.
Woodward, p. 155.
64.
David W. Dent, The Legacy of the Monroe Doctrine. A Reference Guide to U.S. Involvement in Latin America and the Caribbean, London, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999, p. 103.
65.
Quoted in Roniger, pp. 87–8n.
66.
Ibid., pp. 90–1.
67.
Bermann, p. 120.
68.
Quoted in ibid., p. 121.
69.
Meditz, p. 20.
70.
Woodward, p. 189.
71.
Ibid., pp. 189–90.
72.
Meditz, p. 23.
73.
Quoted in Dent, p. 301.
74.
Woodward, pp. 191–2.
75.
Ibid., p. 193.
76.
Roniger, p. 92.
77.
Quoted in Bermann, p. 153.
78.
Ibid., p. 154.
79.
Quoted in ibid., p. 163.
80.
Ibid., pp. 188–9. Leonard, pp. 85–6.
81.
Ibid., p. 78.
82.
Ibid., pp. 80–2. Parker, p. 85.
83.
Mednitz, p. 29.
84.
Dent, p. 238.
85.
Nelson, p. 4.
86.
Roniger, pp. 100, 99.
87.
Ibid., pp. 94–5.
88.
Quoted in ibid., p. 96.
89.
Woodward, p. 200.
90.
Ibid., p. 206.
91.
Bermann, p. 222.
92.
Woodward, p. 220.
93.
Parker, pp. 151, 152.
94.
Roniger, p. 101.
95.
Nelson, pp. 43–8.
96.
Ibid., p. 261
97.
Roniger, p. 107.
98.
Quoted in Nicola Miller, Soviet Relations with Latin America 1959–1987, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 38.
99.
Leonard, pp. 124–5.
100.
Dent, p. 171.
101.
Quoted in ibid., p. 200.
102.
Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, New York: Hill and Wang, 1994, pp. 70–1.
103.
Quoted in Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 40.
104.
Quoted in ibid., p. 50.
105.
Quoted in Smith, pp. 80, 87.
106.
Quoted in Rabe, p. 52.
107.
Richard F. Nyrop, ed., Guatemala A Country Study, Washington: US Government, 1983, pp. 23, 4.
108.
Parker, p. 100.
109.
Woodward, pp. 243–4.
110.
Quoted in Smith, p. 83.
111.
Nyrop, p. 28.
112.
Quoted in Rabe, p. 57.
113.
Dent, p. 203.
114.
Ibid., p. 193.
115.
Nyrop, p. 131.
116.
Quoted in Smith, p. 144.
117.
Roniger, p. 110.
118.
Quoted in Smith, p. 158.
119.
Leonard, p. 152.
120.
Nyrop, pp. 204, 206, 30.
121.
Quoted in Dent, p. 203.
122.
Ibid., p. 203.
123.
Roniger, p. 112.
124.
Woodward, p. 256.
125.
Berman, p. 246.
126.
Ibid., p. 258.
127.
Woodward, p. 278.
128.
Quoted in Smith, p. 139.
129.
Quoted in Wm M. LeoGrande, Our Own Backyard. The United States in Central America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, p. 53.
130.
Ibid., p. 54–5. See also Smith, pp. 162–4.
131.
Miller, p. 188.
132.
Ibid., pp. 195, 202–03, 216.
133.
Woodward, pp. 278–9.
134.
LeoGrande, p. 309.
135.
Quoted in ibid., p. 314.
136.
Dent, p. 274.
137.
Quoted in Gaddis Smith, p. 164.
138.
Nelson, p. 263.
139.
Quoted in LeoGrande, p. 331.
140.
Ibid., pp. 330–2.
141.
Woodward, p. 282.
142.
Quoted in LeoGrande, p. 407.
143.
Ibid., p. 480
144.
Woodward, p. 283.
145.
Roniger, p. 213.
146.
LeoGrande, p. 154.
147.
Quoted in ibid., p. 201.
148.
Quoted in ibid., pp. 213–14.
149.
Dent, p. 176.
150.
Quoted in Dent, p. 244.
151.
LeoGrande, p. 296.
152.
Ibid., p. 393.
153.
Quoted in Nelson, p. xxx.
154.
Quoted in LeoGrande, p. 507.
155.
Ibid., p. 510.
156.
Roniger, 121.
157.
LeoGrande, p. 515.
158.
Ibid., p. 555.
159.
Donald Mabry, ‘Panama’s policy towards the United States: Living with Big Brother’, pp. 3–16, in Bruce W. Watson and Peter G. Tsouras, eds, Operation Just Cause. The U.S. Intervention in Panama, Boulder, CO, San Francisco, CA, Oxford: Westview, 1991, p. 5.
160.
Quoted in Leonard, p. 168.
161.
Meditz, pp. 53, 55.
162.
Ibid., pp. xxvii–xxix.
163.
Woodward, p. 304.
164.
Mabry, pp. 14–15.
165.
Dent, p. 310.
166.
Woodward, pp. 290–1.
167.
Ibid., p. 293.
168.
Parker, pp. 84–5.
169.
Bermann, pp. 248–9.
170.
Nelson, p. xxv.
171.
Woodward, p. 296.
172.
Dent, p. 172.
173.
Ibid, p. 241.
174.
Woodward, p. 298.
175.
Ibid., p. 305.
176.
Roniger, p. 158.
177.
Quoted in Russell C. Crandall, The United States and Latin America after the Cold War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 66.
178.
Roniger, pp. 168–9.

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New Zealand Asia Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Nicholas Tarling

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Tarling, N. (2017). Central America. In: Decolonisations Compared. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53649-1_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53649-1_2
Published: 12 April 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53648-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53649-1
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