Abstract
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) affirms human equality and equal rights. That is, everyone is entitled to political and civil rights (including those outlined in the U.S. Constitution), as well as the right to social security, the right to work, rest and leisure, an adequate standard of living, education, food, housing, and medical care. Those who are vulnerable (including children, the elderly, and disabled) are ensured protection. Many, if not most, contemporary constitutions include these rights. The United Nations has adopted resolutions that clarify how human rights must be protected under the conditions of climate change.
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Notes
- 1.
United Nations Charter: http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/
- 2.
See John Allphin Moore Jr. and Jerry Pubantz, The New United Nations: International Organization in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson, 2006, pp. 53–63.
- 3.
A. Reis Monteiro, Ethics of Human Rights. New York: Springer, 2014; Richard Falk, Achieving Human Rights. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- 4.
Carol Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 48.
- 5.
Ibid, p. 49.
- 6.
Constituteproject: https://www.constituteproject.org/
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg, Concise History of the American Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, pp 18–31.
- 9.
US National Archives and Records Administration. The U.S. Constitution: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/print_friendly.html?page=constitution_transcript_content.html&title=The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20United%20States%3A%20A%20Transcription. Article 1 Section 2 was later modified by Amendment XIV.
- 10.
There are many human rights instruments, most of which do not have the status of treaty; see: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/UniversalHumanRightsInstruments.aspx
- 11.
Kenneth Roth, “The Charade of US Ratification”: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/157/26883.html
- 12.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Universal Periodic Review: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/UPRMain.aspx
- 13.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights and the Environment: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Environment/HREnvironment/Pages/HRandEnvironmentIndex.aspx
- 14.
Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights: Resolutions on Human Rights and Climate Change: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HRAndClimateChange/Pages/HRCAction.aspx
- 15.
UN Human Rights Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution on Climate Change: http://www.thecvf.org/un-human-rights-council-speaks-with-one-voice-on-climate-change/
- 16.
Human Rights and Climate Change: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/HRAndClimateChange/Pages/HRClimateChangeIndex.aspx
- 17.
See William Safire, “The Way We Live Now: 11-24-02: On Language; Seized Of,” The New York Times, November 24, 2002: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-11-24-02-on-language-seized-of.html; Technology and IP Law Glossary: http://www.ipglossary.com/glossary/seised-seized-of-a-matter/#.V8w6RDW-HZE
- 18.
Garrett Hardin, “Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, December 13, 1968: Vol. 162, Issue 3859, pp. 1243–1248: DOI:10.1126/science 162.3859.1243
- 19.
Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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Blau, J. (2017). Human Rights. In: The Paris Agreement. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53541-8_6
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