Abstract
New Zealand is a classic settler society that has experienced distinct phases of citizenship development in its modern history. Colonisation saw the erasure of the preceding sovereignty of the Indigenous Māori. However, by the 1970 s, the country began to debate nationality and citizenship in ways that differed (in part) from other modern liberal (including settler) societies. It is this history and those departures which are the focus here. It has two key elements: a pre-eminent focus on a biculturalism which recognises the Indigeneity of the original settlers, Māori; and the shift in the ethnic diversity that resulted from changes to immigration policy in the 1980s so that a significantly enhanced diversity has altered debates about identity, nationalism, and citizenship.
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Notes
- 1.
David Pearson, “Theorizing Citizenship in British Settler Societies, Ethnic and Racial Studies 25, 6 (2002), 989.
- 2.
Jamie Belich, Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century (Auckland: Penguin, 1996).
- 3.
Giselle Byrnes, “Introduction – Reframing New Zealand History” in The New Oxford History of New Zealand, ed. Giselle Byrnes (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2009); Katie Pickles. “Colonisation, Empire and Gender” in The New Oxford History of New Zealand, ed. Giselle Byrnes (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2009).
- 4.
Belich, Making Peoples.
- 5.
Ibid .
- 6.
Roger Maaka and Augie Fleras, The Politics of Indigeneity. Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand (Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 2005); Awatere, Donna. Māori Sovereignty (Auckland: Broadsheet Publications, 1984).
- 7.
Manjusha Nair, Defining Indigeneity: Situating Transnational Knowledge (Zurich: World Society Focus Paper, 2006)
- 8.
Ranginui Walker, Ka Wahwahi Tonu Matou (Auckland: Penguin Books, 2009).
- 9.
Awatere, 1984.
- 10.
Maaka and Fleras, The Politics of Indigeneity
- 11.
Ministerial Advisory Committee on a Māori Perspective for the Department of Social Welfare, Puao-Te-Atatu (Wellington: Department of Social Welfare, 1988).
- 12.
Pearson, Theorizing Citizenship.
- 13.
Michael King. Being Pākehā (Auckland: Penguin Books, 1985).
- 14.
Michael King, Pākehā. The Quest for Identity in New Zealand. (Auckland: Penguin, 1991).
- 15.
Pearson, Theorizing Citizenship, 989.
- 16.
Paul Spoonley and Richard Bedford, Welcome to Our World? Immigration and the Reshaping of New Zealand. (Auckland: Dunmore Press, 2012).
- 17.
Spoonley and Bedford, Welcome to Our World.
- 18.
Kim et al. 2016.
- 19.
Ibid .
- 20.
Andrew Butcher, “An Irishman, a Samoan and a Korean Walk Into a Church. Three Encounters and New Zealand’s Struggle for National Identity,”. Identities. Forthcoming.
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Spoonley, P. (2017). Renegotiating Citizenship: Indigeneity and Superdiversity in Contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand. In: Mann, J. (eds) Citizenship in Transnational Perspective. Politics of Citizenship and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53529-6_11
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