Abstract
Concerns over the effects on human and animal health from consumption of genetically modified food crops, as well as about any potential impacts on the wider environment, have divided public opinion over the merits of using the technology. One consequence is that governments have, for the most part, been very cautious about approving GM crops for cultivation and consumption. A concomitant effect is that the costs involved (and time spent) in achieving regulatory approval for the introduction of a GM crop have risen. This chapter examines the evidence on the absolute and relative costs of gaining regulatory compliance within countries. A range of studies show that there are significant costs of gaining regulatory compliance—product attributes, market context and technical aspects of measurement all have significant effects on the estimated costs of regulatory approval.
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Smyth, S.J., Kerr, W.A., Phillips, P.W.B. (2017). Domestic Regulatory Approval Costs. In: Biotechnology Regulation and Trade. Natural Resource Management and Policy, vol 51. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53295-0_3
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