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The Meeting of Myths and Reality

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Exile Identity, Agency and Belonging in South Africa

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies on Children and Development ((PSCD))

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Abstract

Second-generation exiles navigated the myths and realities of return in embedded webs of social relations in post-apartheid South Africa. Chapter 7 considers their attitudes in relation to the dominant exile mythology that constructed children and young people as agents of social reconstruction. It traces their synaesthetic experiences when negotiating landscapes, material objects and social relationships en route to South Africa. It reveals their disappointment when their expectations failed to coincide with interpersonal and structural realities. Returnee children experienced socio-economic hardships, social exclusion, violence and discrimination; abandoned by the ANC and maligned by those who had remained. For many, return was the real exile.

Extracts from this chapter have been published elsewhere. Please refer to the original source: De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa O. 2014b. “The Meeting of Myths and Realities: The ‘Homecoming’ of Second-Generation Exiles in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Refuge 30, no. 2: 79–92.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ten interviewees returned to South Africa from exile aged 0–10 years, 19 were aged 11–18 years and 17 were 19 years or older. One returned to South Africa prior to 1990; 36 returned between 1990 and 1994; 7 returned between 1995 and 1999; and 1 after 2000.

  2. 2.

    Mayibuye Archives, Oral History of Exile Project (forthwith Mayibuye Exiles Project), MCA 6—384 Harold Wolpe (retrieved April 7–15, 2014).

  3. 3.

    Mayibuye Exiles Project, MCA 6—460 Nikelwa Tengimfene (retrieved April 7–15, 2014).

  4. 4.

    Mayibuye Exiles Project, MCA 6—267 Issy Dinat (retrieved April 7–15, 2014).

  5. 5.

    For a discussion of embodiment and the banal nature of children’s geographies, see Horton and Kraftl (2006b).

  6. 6.

    Joe Slovo (Yossel Mashel Slovo) was a leader of the SACP, a leading member of the ANC and a commander of MK. He lived in exile from 1963 to 1990 in the United Kingdom, Zambia, Angola and Mozambique. He became the Minister for Housing under former President Nelson Mandela. He died on January 6, 1995.

  7. 7.

    African National Congress Archives, University of Fort Hare (forthwith ANC Fort Hare), London Mission Collection, Box 51, Folder 48. Margaret McAllister, “Political Princesses” in Fair Lady (June 2, 1993).

  8. 8.

    On December 16, the Day of Reconciliation is celebrated in remembrance of the 1838 Battle of Blood River and the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) on December 16, 1961.

  9. 9.

    MK dissidents forcibly seized control of the ANC’s Durban regional headquarters in August 1993 and engaged in violent crime across the country, out of frustration at “perceived rejection by the organization for which they were prepared to sacrifice their lives” (Murray 1994).

  10. 10.

    Mayibuye Exiles Project, MCA 6—314 Cedric and Penelope Mayson (retrieved April 7–15, 2014).

  11. 11.

    A heavy whip made of animal hide.

  12. 12.

    In August 2016 “hair” became a symbol of the institutional racism that still haunts South African schools. High school girls protested school codes of conduct that placed restrictions on their hair styles. For more information see Pather (2016b, 2016a).

  13. 13.

    ANC Fort Hare, Box 5, Folder 4, “ANC Organising Committee for Return of Political Exiles: Addendum to attachment and discussion document—reception centre.”

  14. 14.

    Recordings and transcripts are held by the author.

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  1. Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Zosa De Sas Kropiwnicki

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De Sas Kropiwnicki, Z. (2017). The Meeting of Myths and Reality. In: Exile Identity, Agency and Belonging in South Africa. Palgrave Studies on Children and Development. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53276-9_7

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