Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Advances in Radiation Oncology pp 21–39Cite as

SBRT and the Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1494 Accesses

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR))

Abstract

For patients with metastatic cancer, there is significant variation in the amount of time from diagnosis to disease progression or death. For physicians, predicting the duration of this interval can be difficult. The clinical course for these patients is dependent on myriad factors including the primary histology, size, and location of metastatic lesions. Attempts have been made to model prognosis based on other factors such as response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and volume of disease. A distinct clinical state of metastases with low volume disease and few organs affected was coined “oligometastases.” It is hypothesized this state may be amenable to local therapy to improve outcomes. After long term follow up, patients with this limited metastatic progression appear to have relatively good outcomes, with some long-term survivors, after aggressive treatment with local therapy combined with systemic therapy. In the past 20 years since the conception of the oligometastatic hypothesis, there have been advances in surgical and radiation therapy techniques resulting in reduced toxicities. Additionally, developments in systemic therapy have prolonged survival for patients with metastatic disease. Herein we discuss the history and rationale for local treatment of oligometastases and delve into the implementation of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to this evolving treatment paradigm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AAPM:

American Association of Physicists in Medicine

BED:

Biologically effective dose

CTV:

Clinical target volume

DFS:

Disease free survival

GTV:

Gross tumor volume

ITV:

Internal target volume

MOSART:

Multi-organ site ablative radiation therapy

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

OAR:

Organ at risk

OS:

Overall survival

PD1:

Programmed Death 1

PDL1:

Programmed Death Ligand 1

PET CT:

Positron emission tomography computed tomography

PTV:

Planning target volume

RTOG:

Radiation therapy oncology group

RT:

Radiation therapy

SABR:

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy

SBRT:

Stereotactic body radiotherapy

SRS:

Stereotactic radiosurgery

WBRT:

Whole brain radiation therapy

References

  • Aitini E, Aleotti P (2006) Breaking bad news in oncology: like a walk in the twilight? Ann Oncol 17(3):359–360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aitken K, Ahmed M, Hawkins M, Nutting C, Khoo V (2014) 214 A trial in design: CORE—conventional care or radioablation in the treatment of extracranial metastases. Lung Cancer 83(Supplement 1):S79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albain KS, Nag SM, Calderillo-Ruiz G, Jordaan JP, Llombart AC, Pluzanska A, Rolski J, Melemed AS, Reyes-Vidal JM, Sekhon JS, Simms L, O’Shaughnessy J (2008) Gemcitabine plus Paclitaxel versus Paclitaxel monotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer and prior anthracycline treatment. J Clin Oncol 26(24):3950–3957

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, Flanders AE, Gaspar LE, Schell MC, Werner-Wasik M, Demas W, Ryu J, Bahary JP, Souhami L, Rotman M, Mehta MP, Curran WJ Jr (2004) Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 363(9422):1665–1672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antman KH, Rowlings PA, Vaughan WP, Pelz CJ, Fay JW, Fields KK, Freytes CO, Gale RP, Hillner BE, Holland HK, Kennedy MJ, Klein JP, Lazarus HM, McCarthy PL, Saez R, Spitzer G, Stadtmauer EA, Williams SF, Wolff S, Sobocinski KA, Armitage JO, Horowitz MM (1997) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell support for breast cancer in North America. J Clin Oncol 15(5):1870–1879

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barney JJ (1945) A twelve-year cure following nephrectomy for adenocarcinoma and lobectomy for solitary metastasis. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 37:189–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett EK, Simmons KD, Wachtel H, Roses RE, Fraker DL, Kelz RR, Karakousis GC (2015) The rise in metastasectomy across cancer types over the past decade. Cancer 121(5):747–757

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belanger D, Moore M, Tannock I (1991) How American oncologists treat breast cancer: an assessment of the influence of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 9(1):7–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, Galvin JM, Hinson W, Kavanagh B, Keall P, Lovelock M, Meeks S, Papiez L, Purdie T, Sadagopan R, Schell MC, Salter B, Schlesinger DJ, Shiu AS, Solberg T, Song DY, Stieber V, Timmerman R, Tomé Wa, Verellen D, Wang L, Yin F-F (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM Task Group 101. Med Phys 37:4078–4101

    Google Scholar 

  • Berber B, Ibarra R, Snyder L, Yao M, Fabien J, Milano MT, Katz AW, Goodman K, Stephans K, El-Gazzaz G, Aucejo F, Miller C, Fung J, Lo S, Machtay M, Sanabria J (2013) Multicentre results of stereotactic body radiotherapy for secondary liver tumours. HPB (Oxford) 15(11):851–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein MB, Krishnan S, Hodge JW, Chang JY (2016) Immunotherapy and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (ISABR): a curative approach? Nat Rev Clin Oncol

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry DA, Ueno NT, Johnson MM, Lei X, Caputo J, Smith DA, Yancey LJ, Crump M, Stadtmauer EA, Biron P, Crown JP, Schmid P, Lotz JP, Rosti G, Bregni M, Demirer T (2011) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in metastatic breast cancer: overview of six randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 29(24):3224–3231

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bezwoda WR, Seymour L, Dansey RD (1995) High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic rescue as primary treatment for metastatic breast cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 13(10):2483–2489

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezwoda et al. (2001) Retraction. J Clin Oncol 19(11):2973

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomgren H, Lax I, Naslund I, Svanstrom R (1995) Stereotactic high dose fraction radiation therapy of extracranial tumors using an accelerator. Clinical experience of the first thirty-one patients. Acta Oncol 34(6):861–870

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey Sampson M, Katz A, Constine LS (2006) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for extracranial oligometastases: does the sword have a double edge? Semin Radiat Oncol 16(2):67–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vin T, Engels B, Gevaert T, Storme G, De Ridder M (2014) Stereotactic radiotherapy for oligometastatic cancer: a prognostic model for survival. Ann Oncol 25(2):467–471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng L, Liang H, Burnette B, Beckett M, Darga T, Weichselbaum RR, Fu YX (2014) Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice. J Clin Invest 124(2):687–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn PL, Meriwether A, LeMieux M, Weichselbaum RR, Chmura SJ, Hasan Y (2011) Patterns of distant failure and progression in breast cancer: implications for the treatment of oligometastatic disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81(2, Supplement 1):S643

    Google Scholar 

  • Drake CG (2012). Combination immunotherapy approaches. Ann Oncol 23(Suppl 8): viii41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 3(6):453–458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher B (1980) Laboratory and clinical research in breast cancer–a personal adventure: the David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture. Cancer Res 40(11):3863–3874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG, Enker WE, Turnbull AD, Coit DG, Marrero AM, Prasad M, Blumgart LH, Brennan MF (1997) Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 15(3):938–946

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL, Brennan MF, Blumgart LH (1999) Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 230(3):309–318; discussion 318–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadd MA, Casper ES, Woodruff JM, McCormack PM, Brennan MF (1993) Development and treatment of pulmonary metastases in adult patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg 218(6):705–712

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gaipl US, Multhoff G, Scheithauer H, Lauber K, Hehlgans S, Frey B, Rodel F (2014) Kill and spread the word: stimulation of antitumor immune responses in the context of radiotherapy. Immunotherapy 6(5):597–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grills IS, Hope AJ, Guckenberger M, Kestin LL, Werner-Wasik M, Yan D, Sonke J-J, Bissonnette J-P, Wilbert J, Xiao Y, Belderbos J (2012) A collaborative analysis of stereotactic lung radiotherapy outcomes for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer using daily online cone-beam computed tomography image-guided radiotherapy. J Thoracic Oncol 7:1382–1393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halsted WS (1907) I. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg 46(1):1–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hanrahan EO, Broglio KR, Buzdar AU, Theriault RL, Valero V, Cristofanilli M, Yin G, Kau S-WC, Hortobagyi GN, Rivera E (2005) Combined-modality treatment for isolated recurrences of breast carcinoma: update on 30 years of experience at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and assessment of prognostic factors. Cancer 104:1158–1171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellman S (1994) Karnofsky memorial lecture. Natural history of small breast cancers. J Clin Oncol 12(10):2229–2234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR (1995) Oligometastases. J Clin Oncol 13(1):8–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W, van den Eertwegh AJ, Lutzky J, Lorigan P, Vaubel JM, Linette GP, Hogg D, Ottensmeier CH, Lebbe C, Peschel C, Quirt I, Clark JI, Wolchok JD, Weber JS, Tian J, Yellin MJ, Nichol GM, Hoos A, Urba WJ (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363(8):711–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar P, Kavanagh BD, Wardak Z, Smith I, Ahn C, Gerber DE, Dowell J, Hughes R, Abdulrahman R, Camidge DR, Gaspar LE, Doebele RC, Bunn PA, Choy H, Timmerman R (2014) Phase II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with erlotinib for patients with limited but progressive metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 32(34):3824–3830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jawad MS, Fahim DK, Gerszten PC, Flickinger JC, Sahgal A, Grills IS, Sheehan J, Kersh R, Shin J, Oh K, Mantel F, Guckenberger M (2016) Vertebral compression fractures after stereotactic body radiation therapy: a large, multi-institutional, multinational evaluation. J Neurosurg Spine 24(6):928–936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph RW, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Wolchok JD, Joshua AM, Ribas A, Hodi FS, Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hwu W-J, Kefford R, Hersey P, Weber JS, Patnaik A, Alwis DPD, Perrone AM, Kang SP, Ebbinghaus S, Anderson KM, Gangadhar TC (2014) Baseline tumor size as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody MK-3475. J Clin Oncol 32(5s):abstr 3015

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendal WS (2014) Oligometastasis as a predictor for occult disease. Math Biosci 251:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kestin L, Grills I, Guckenberger M, Belderbos J, Hope AJ, Werner-Wasik M, Sonke JJ, Bissonnette JP, Xiao Y, Yan D (2014) Dose-response relationship with clinical outcome for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivered via online image guidance. Radiother Oncol 110:499–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keynes G (1954) Carcinoma of the breast, the unorthodox view. Proc Cardiff M So. 40

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs MG, Sloane R, Priest L, Lancashire L, Hou JM, Greystoke A, Ward TH, Ferraldeschi R, Hughes A, Clack G, Ranson M, Dive C, Blackhall FH (2011) Evaluation and prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 29(12):1556–1563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SL, Porceddu S, Nakamura N, Palma DA, Lo SS, Hoskin P, Moghanaki D, Chmura SJ, Salama JK (2015) Definitive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for extracranial oligometastases: an International Survey of >1000 radiation oncologists. Am J Clin Oncol

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang H, Deng L, Chmura S, Burnette B, Liadis N, Darga T, Beckett MA, Lingen MW, Witt M, Weichselbaum RR, Fu YX (2013) Radiation-induced equilibrium is a balance between tumor cell proliferation and T cell-mediated killing. J Immunol 190(11):5874–5881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lussier YA, Khodarev NN, Regan K, Corbin K, Li H, Ganai S, Khan SA, Gnerlich JL, Gnerlich J, Darga TE, Fan H, Karpenko O, Paty PB, Posner MC, Chmura SJ, Hellman S, Ferguson MK, Weichselbaum RR (2012) Oligo- and polymetastatic progression in lung metastasis(es) patients is associated with specific microRNAs. PLoS ONE 7(12):e50141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lussier YA, Xing HR, Salama JK, Khodarev NN, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Khan SA, Yang X, Hasselle MD, Darga TE, Malik R, Fan H, Perakis S, Filippo M, Corbin K, Lee Y, Posner MC, Chmura SJ, Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR (2011) MicroRNA expression characterizes oligometastasis(es). PLoS ONE 6(12):e28650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch TJ, Bondarenko I, Luft A, Serwatowski P, Barlesi F, Chacko R, Sebastian M, Neal J, Lu H, Cuillerot JM, Reck M (2012) Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 30(17):2046–2054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacManus MP, Hicks RJ, Matthews JP, Hogg A, McKenzie AF, Wirth A, Ware RE, Ball DL (2001) High rate of detection of unsuspected distant metastases by pet in apparent stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: implications for radical radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50(2):287–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milano MT, Katz AW, Zhang H, Okunieff P (2012) Oligometastases treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy: long-term follow-up of prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(3):878–886

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niibe Y, Hayakawa K (2010) Oligometastases and oligo-recurrence: the new era of cancer therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 40(2):107–111

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paget S (1889) The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev 8(2):98–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Palma DA, Haasbeek CJ, Rodrigues GB, Dahele M, Lock M, Yaremko B, Olson R, Liu M, Panarotto J, Griffioen GH, Gaede S, Slotman B, Senan S (2012) Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for comprehensive treatment of oligometastatic tumors (SABR-COMET): study protocol for a randomized phase II trial. BMC Cancer 12:305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pardoll DM (2012) The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 12(4):252–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pastorino U, Buyse M, Friedel G, Ginsberg RJ, Girard P, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, McCormack P, Pass H, Putnam JB Jr, International Registry of Lung M (1997) Long-term results of lung metastasectomy: prognostic analyses based on 5206 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113(1):37–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, Payne R, Saris S, Kryscio RJ, Mohiuddin M, Young B (2005) Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 366(9486):643–648

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, Markesbery WR, Macdonald JS, Young B (1990) A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 322(8):494–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pentheroudakis G, Fountzilas G, Bafaloukos D, Koutsoukou V, Pectasides D, Skarlos D, Samantas E, Kalofonos HP, Gogas H, Pavlidis N (2006) Metastatic breast cancer with liver metastases: a registry analysis of clinicopathologic, management and outcome characteristics of 500 women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 97(3):237–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pienta KJ, Robertson BA, Coffey DS, Taichman RS (2013) The cancer diaspora: metastasis beyond the seed and soil hypothesis. Clin Cancer Res 19(21):5849–5855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postow MA, Callahan MK, Barker CA, Yamada Y, Yuan J, Kitano S, Mu Z, Rasalan T, Adamow M, Ritter E, Sedrak C, Jungbluth AA, Chua R, Yang AS, Roman RA, Rosner S, Benson B, Allison JP, Lesokhin AM, Gnjatic S, Wolchok JD (2012) Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. N Engl J Med 366(10):925–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad V, Cifu A (2013) In reply I-reversal of medical practices. Mayo Clin Proc 88(10):1183–1184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad V, Vandross A, Toomey C, Cheung M, Rho J, Quinn S, Chacko SJ, Borkar D, Gall V, Selvaraj S, Ho N, Cifu A (2013) A decade of reversal: an analysis of 146 contradicted medical practices. Mayo Clin Proc 88(8):790–798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes DK, Pienta KJ (2015) The biology and treatment of oligometastatic cancer. Oncotarget 6(11):8491–8524

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rusthoven KE, Kavanagh BD, Burri SH, Chen C, Cardenes H, Chidel MA, Pugh TJ, Kane M, Gaspar LE, Schefter TE (2009) Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1579–1584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu S, Pugh SL, Gerszten PC, Yin FF, Timmerman RD, Hitchcock YJ, Movsas B, Kanner AA, Berk LB, Followill DS, Kachnic LA (2014) RTOG 0631 phase 2/3 study of image guided stereotactic radiosurgery for localized (1–3) spine metastases: phase 2 results. Pract Radiat Oncol 4(2):76–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salama JK, Hasselle MD, Chmura SJ, Malik R, Mehta N, Yenice KM, Villaflor VM, Stadler WM, Hoffman PC, Cohen EEW, Connell PP, Haraf DJ, Vokes EE, Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR (2012) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for multisite extracranial oligometastases: final report of a dose escalation trial in patients with 1 to 5 sites of metastatic disease. Cancer 118:2962–2970

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, Garden OJ, Poston GJ, Rees M (2006) Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies. Br J Cancer 94(7):982–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Yi WS, Brasacchio RA, Muhs AG, Smudzin T, Williams JP, Messing E, Okunieff P (2004) Is there a favorable subset of patients with prostate cancer who develop oligometastases? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(1):3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tallman MS, Gray R, Robert NJ, LeMaistre CF, Osborne CK, Vaughan WP, Gradishar WJ, Pisansky TM, Fetting J, Paietta E, Lazarus HM (2003) Conventional adjuvant chemotherapy with or without high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in high-risk breast cancer. N Engl J Med 349(1):17–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treasure T (2012) Oligometastatic cancer: an entity, a useful concept, or a therapeutic opportunity? J R Soc Med 105(6):242–246

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Geel AN, Pastorino U, Jauch KW, Judson IR, van Coevorden F, Buesa JM, Nielsen OS, Boudinet A, Tursz T, Schmitz PI (1996) Surgical treatment of lung metastases: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group study of 255 patients. Cancer 77:675–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers A, Christos P (2000) Bezwoda: evidence of fabrication in original article. J Clin Oncol 18(15):2933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinay DS, Ryan EP, Pawelec G, Talib WH, Stagg J, Elkord E, Lichtor T, Decker WK, Whelan RL, Kumara HM, Signori E, Honoki K, Georgakilas AG, Amin A, Helferich WG, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Keith WN, Bilsland A, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Fujii H, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X, Choi BK, Kwon BS (2015) Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 35(Suppl):S185–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong AC, Watson SP, Pitroda SP, Son CH, Das LC, Stack ME, Uppal A, Oshima G, Khodarev NN, Salama JK, Weichselbaum RR, Chmura SJ (2016) Clinical and molecular markers of long-term survival after oligometastasis-directed stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Cancer

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Chicago Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Jeffrey M. Lemons & Steven J. Chmura

  2. The University of Chicago Department of Medicine Section of Hematology/Oncology, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Michael W. Drazer & Jason J. Luke

Authors
  1. Jeffrey M. Lemons
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael W. Drazer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jason J. Luke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Steven J. Chmura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Lemons .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

    Jeffrey Y.C. Wong

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Physics, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

    Timothy E. Schultheiss

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

    Eric H. Radany

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lemons, J.M., Drazer, M.W., Luke, J.J., Chmura, S.J. (2017). SBRT and the Treatment of Oligometastatic Disease. In: Wong, J., Schultheiss, T., Radany, E. (eds) Advances in Radiation Oncology. Cancer Treatment and Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53235-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53235-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-53233-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-53235-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation