Skip to main content

Preventive and Risk Factors of Canine Dementia

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Canine and Feline Dementia

Abstract

Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The population of senior and geriatric dogs (i.e., canines aged over 7 years) is estimated to be more than 30 million in the USA and over 15 million in Europe. As aging is the main risk factor of canine CDS, aged dogs represent a sizeable population with a great risk of developing CDS. The identification of risk and protective factors for canine dementia is important for further preventive strategies or treatment of the disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Araujo JA, Studzinski CM, Head E, Cotman CW, Milgram NW (2005) Assessment of nutritional interventions for modification of age-associated cognitive decline using a canine model of human aging. Age 27(1):27–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Azkona G, Garcia-Belenguer S, Chacon G, Rosado B, Leon M, Palacio J (2009) Prevalence and risk factors of behavioural changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs. J Small Animal Pract 50(2):87–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazinet RP, Layé S (2014) Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 15(12):771–785

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Block ML, Calderon-Garciduenas L (2009) Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci 32:506–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Calderon-Garciduenas L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Ontiveros E, Gomez-Garza G, Barragan-Mejia G, Broadway J, Chapman S, Valencia-Salazar G, Jewells V, Maronpot RR, Henriquez-Roldan C, Perez-Guille B, Torres-Jardon R, Herrit L, Brooks D, Osnaya-Brizuela N, Monroy ME, Gonzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Villarreal-Calderon R, Solt AC, Engle RW (2008) Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs. Brain Cognit 68:117–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christie LA, Studzinski C, Estrada J, Holowachuk DZ, Leung C, Milgram NW (2002) Cognitive changes during early and late development in the dog last learned, first forgotten? Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner, Abstract No. 374.378

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotman CW, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Zicker S, Milgram NW (2002) Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiol Aging 23(5):809–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling ALS, Head E (2012) Antioxidants in canine model of human aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1882:685–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, Vertrees JE, Pallaki M, Llorente M, Love S, Schellenberg GD, McCarten JR, Malphurs J, Prieto S, Chen P, Loreck DJ, Trapp G, Bakshi RS, Mintzer JE, Heidebrink JL, Vidal-Cardona A, Arroyo LM, Cruz AR, Zachariah S, Kowall NW, Chopra MP, Craft S, Thielke S, Turvey CL, Woodman C, Monnell KA, Gordon K, Tomaska J, Segal Y, Peduzzi PN, Guarino PD (2014) Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease. The TEAM-AD VA Cooperative Randomized Trial. J Am Med Assoc 311(1):33–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egenvall A, Bonnett BN, Hedhammar A, Olson P (2005) Mortality in over 350,000 insured Swedish dogs from 1995-2000: II. Breed-specific age and survival patterns and relative risk for causes of death. Acta Veterinaria Scandin 46(3):121–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahnestock M, Marchese M, Head E, Pop V, Michalski B, Milgram WN, Cotman CW (2012) BDNF increases with behavioral enrichment and an antioxidant diet in the aged dog. Neurobiol Aging 33(3):546–554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fast R, Schutt T, Toft N, Moller A, Berendt M (2013) An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. J Veterinary Intern Med 27(4):822–829

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fryer M (1998) Vitamin E status and neurodegenerative disease. Nutritional Neurosci 1:327–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galis F, Van Der Sluijs I, Van Dooren TJM, Metz JAJ, Nussbaumer M (2007) Do large dogs die young? J Exp Zool Part B-Mol Develop Evolut 308B(2):119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greer KA, Canterberry SC, Murphy KE (2007) Statistical analysis regarding the effects of height and weight on life span of the domestic dog. Res Veterinary Sci 82(2):208–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart BL (2001) Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. J Am Veterinary Med Assoc 219:51–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Head E, Torp R (2002) Insights into Aβ and presenilin from a canine model of human brain aging. Neurobiol Dis 9(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Head E, Rofina J, Zicker S (2008) Oxidative stress, aging, and central nervous system disease in the canine model of human brain aging. Veterinary Clin N Am-Small Animal Pract 38(1):167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Head E, Nukala VN, Fenoglio KA, Muggenburg BA, Cotman CW, Sullivan PG (2009) Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging. Exp Neurol 220(1):171–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, Bielinski D, Martin A, McEwen JJ, Bickford PC (1999) Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 19(18):8114–8121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph JA, Denisova NA, Bielinski D, Fisher DR, Shukitt-Hale B (2000) Oxidative stress protection and vulnerability in aging: putative nutritional implications for intervention. Mechanisms Ageing Develop 116(2/3):141–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katina S, Farbakova J, Madari A, Novak M, Zilka N (2016) Risk factors for canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome in Slovakia. Acta Veterinaria Scandin 58:17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiatipattanasakul W, Nakamura S, Hossain MM, Nakayama H, Uchino T, Shumiya S, Goto N, Doi K (1996) Apoptosis in the aged dog brain. Acta Neuropathol 92(3):242–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg GM, Nichol J, Araujo JA (2012) Cognitive dysfunction syndrome a disease of canine and feline brain aging. Veterinary Clin N Am-Small Animal Pract 42(4):749–768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee G-S, Jeong YW, Kim JJ, Park SW, Ko KH, Kang M, Kim YK, Jung EM, Moon C, Hyun SH, Hwang KC, Kim NH, Shin T, Jeung EB, Hwang WS (2014) A canine model of Alzheimer’s disease generated by overexpressing a mutated human amyloid precursor protein. Int J Mol Med 33(4):1003–1012

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Ames BN (2005) Reducing mitochondrial decay with mitochondrial nutrients to delay and treat cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Nutritional Neurosci 8(2):67–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manteca X (2011) Nutrition and behavior in senior dogs. Topics Companion Animal Med 26:33–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin A, Cherubini A, Andres-Lacueva C, Paniagua M, Joseph J (2002) Effects of fruits and vegetables on levels of vitamins E and C in the brain and their association with cognitive performance. J Nutrition Health Aging 6(6):392–404

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Migliore L, Coppede F (2009) Environmental-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Mutat Res-Genetic Toxicol Environ Mutagenesis 674:73–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram NW (2003) Cognitive experience and its effect on age-dependent cognitive decline in beagle dogs. Neurochem Res 28(11):1677–1682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram NW, Head E, Zicker SC, Ikeda-Douglas C, Murphey H, Muggenberg BA, Siwak CT, Tapp PD, Lowry SR, Cotman CW (2004) Long-term treatment with antioxidants and a programm of behavioral enrichment reduses age-dependent impairment in discrimination and reversal learning in beagle dogs. Exp Gerontol 39:753–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neff MW, Rine J (2006) A fetching model organism. Cell. 124(2):229–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neilson JC, Hart BL, Cliff KD, Ruehl WW (2001) Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. J Am Veterinary Med Assoc 218(11):1787–1791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opii W, Joshi G, Head E, Milgram NW, Muggenburg BA, Kleine JB, Pierce WM, Cotman CW, Butterfield DA (2008) Proteomic identification of brain proteins in the canine model of human aging following a long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment: relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 29(1):51–70

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan Y, Larson B, Araujo JA, Lau W, de Rivera C, Santana R, Gore A, Milgram NW (2010) Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs. Br J Nutrition. 103(12):1746–1754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan YL, Araujo JA, Burrows J, de Rivera C, Gore A, Bhatnagar S, Milgram NW (2013) Cognitive enhancement in middle-aged and old cats with dietary supplementation with a nutrient blend containing fish oil, B vitamins, antioxidants and arginine. Br J Nutrition 110(1):40–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rofina JE, van Ederen AM, Toussaint MJM, Secreve M, van der Spek A, van der Meer I, van Eerdenburga FJCM, Gruys E (2006) Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1069(1):216–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosado B, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Pesini P, Garcia-Belenguer S, Palacio J, Villegas A, Suarez ML, Santamarina G, Sarasa M (2012a) Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs—Part 1: locomotor and exploratory behaviour. Veterinary J 194(2):189–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosado B, Gonzalez-Martinez A, Pesini P, Garcia-Belenguer S, Palacio J, Villegas A, Suarez ML, Santamarina G, Sarasa M (2012b) Effect of age and severity of cognitive dysfunction on spontaneous activity in pet dogs—Part 2: social responsiveness. Veterinary J 194(2):196–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ (2010) Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: a cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs. Veterinary J 184:277–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salvin HE, McGreevy PD, Sachdev PS, Valenzuela MJ (2011) The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): a data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. Veterinary J 188:331–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siwak-Tapp CT, Head E, Muggenburg BA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW (2008) Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment. Neurobiol Aging 29(1):39–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snigdha S, Astarita G, Piomelli D, Cotman CW (2012) Effect of diet and behavioral enrichment on free fatty acids in the aged canine brain. Neuroscience 202:326–333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Studzinski CM, Christie L-A, Araujo JA, Burnham WM, Head E, Cotman CW, Milgram NW (2006) Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: an early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Learning Memory 86(2):197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson KS, Vester BM, Apanavicius CJ, Kirby NA, Schook LB (2009) Implications of age and diet on canine cerebral cortex transcription. Neurobiol Aging 30(8):1314–1326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapp D, Chu Y, Vu L, Chiou JY, Milgram NW, Nalcioglu O, Su MY (2004) Age-dependent changes in regional brain volume and cerebral blood volume in white matter of the canine brain measured using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Neurobiol Aging 25:380–S381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trollor JN, Valenzuela MJ (2001) Brain ageing in the new millennium. Austr New Zealand J Psychiatry 35(6):788–805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urfer SR, Greer K, Wolf NS (2011) Age-related cataract in dogs: a biomarker for life span and its relation to body size. Age 33(3):451–460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yalcin E, Kasap S, Demir G (2010) Prevalance of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs, Bursa, Turkey. J Animal Veterinary Adv 9:1828–1832

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The work was funded by APVV-15-0613 and APVV-14-0872 and VEGA grant 2/0164/16.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aladár Mad’ari .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mad’ari, A., Farbakova, J., Žilka, N. (2017). Preventive and Risk Factors of Canine Dementia. In: Landsberg, G., Maďari, A., Žilka, N. (eds) Canine and Feline Dementia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53219-6_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics