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Plant Flavonoids: Key Players in Signaling, Establishment, and Regulation of Rhizobial and Mycorrhizal Endosymbioses

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Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art

Abstract

Plants belonging to family fabaceae play an imperative role in restoring soil fertility, with the remarkable ability to engage endosymbiotically with both rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Establishment of both symbioses is based on a finely regulated molecular dialogue between two partners. Plant roots secrete an assortment of flavonoids, competent to shape rhizosphere microflora by amplifying chemotactic surface motility of beneficial microorganisms while combating pathogenic ones. Flavonoids potentially regulate transcriptional activity of many microbial genes, e.g. nod genes, and fungal hyphal branching and initiate the production of microsymbiont signal molecules (Nod/Myc factor). The perception of these lipo-chito-oligosaccharides at epidermis stimulates partly analogous downstream signal transduction cascade to activate symbiosis-related genes and consequently enable successful penetration of both microsymbionts in the host. In response to host-specific microbe, selective accumulation of flavonoids drives suppression of plant innate immunity as well as cortical cell dedifferentiation into symbiosome. High degree of coordination between root cortical cell machinery and rhizobia/AM results in the formation of symbiotic interfaces—nodules/arbuscules respectively, where harboring bacteroids and arbuscules deliver macronutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to host in exchange for photosynthates. Flavonoids cross-link with plant proteins to form an O2− diffusion barrier in the symbiosome membrane and serve as a checkpoint for nitrogenase efficiency. Under nutrient-rich conditions, plants regulate flavonoid fluxes to prevent an excessive establishment of metabolically expensive symbioses. Therefore, understanding these selective forces that govern host selection of beneficial rhizomicrobiome, followed by underlying establishment and regulation of symbioses in legumes, is crucial for agrobiologists to achieve sustainable agriculture.

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  1. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India

    Priyanka Singla & Neera Garg

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  1. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajit Varma

  2. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

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  3. Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Narendra Tuteja

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Singla, P., Garg, N. (2017). Plant Flavonoids: Key Players in Signaling, Establishment, and Regulation of Rhizobial and Mycorrhizal Endosymbioses. In: Varma, A., Prasad, R., Tuteja, N. (eds) Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53064-2_8

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