Skip to main content

Mycorrhiza: Creating Good Spaces for Interactions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art

Abstract

Soil is a complicate environment, where complex systems of multiple interactions between the organisms take place. Plant health is majorly determined by these vital interactions in the soil. The ubiquitous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a number of microbes interact synergistically to enhance the fitness of each other as well as plants they are associated with. Both the interacting partners are cross facilitators, where AM fungi provide suitable specialized ecological niches as well as nutrients for bacteria, and in turn bacteria improves the mycorrhization, provides pool of available P and N, and helps in management of biotic and abiotic stresses. Given the importance of AM and the interacting microbes in low-input sustainable agriculture, it is important to understand their interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agnolucci M, Battini F, Cristani C, Giovannetti M (2015) Diverse bacterial communities are recruited on spores of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates. Biol Fertil Soils 51:379–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akiyama K, Matsuzaki K, Hayashi H (2005) Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 435:824–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade G, Mihara KL, Linderman RG, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1997) Bacteria from rhizosphere and hyphosphere soils of different arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 192:71–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade G, Linderman RG, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1998) Bacterial associations with the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Soil 202:79–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artursson V, Finlay RD, Jansson JK (2006) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria and their potential for stimulating plant growth. Environ Microbiol 8:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azaizeh H, Marschner H, Romheld V, Wittenmayer L (1995) Effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and other soil microorganisms on growth, mineral nutrient acquisition and root exudation of soil grown maize plants. Mycorrhiza 5:321–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baath E, Nilsson L, Goransson H, Wallander H (2004) Can theextent of degradation of soil fungal mycelium during soil incubation be used to estimate ectomycorrhizal biomass in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 36:2105–2109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badri DV, Vivanco JM (2009) Regulation and function of root exudates. Plant Cell Environ 32:666–681

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badri DV, Chaparro JM, Zhang R, Shen Q, Vivanco JM (2013) Application of natural blends of phytochemicals derived from the root exudates of Arabidopsis to the soil reveal that phenolic-related compounds predominantly modulate the soil microbiome. J Biol Chem 288:4502–4512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bago B, Azcón-Aguillar C (1997) Changes in the rhizosphere pH induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in onion (Allium cepa L.) Zt Pflanzenern Bodenkde 160:333–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bais HP, Park SW, Weir TL, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM (2004) How plants communicate using the underground information superhighway. Trends Plant Sci 9:26–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal M, Mukerji K (1994) Positive correlation between VAM induced changes in root exudation and mycorrhizosphere mycoflora. Mycorrhiza 5:39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barea J (2000) Rhizosphere and mycorrhiza of field crops. In: Balázs E, Galante E, Lynch J, Schepers J, Toutant J, Werner D, Werry P (eds) Biological resource management: connecting science and policy. Springer/INRA Editions, Berlin/New York, pp 110–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Barea JM, Rosario A, Aguilar CA (2002) Mycorrhizosphere interactions to improve plant fitness and soil quality. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:343–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barea JM, Pozo MJ, Azcon R, Azcon-Aguilar C (2005) Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56:1761–1778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bharadwaj DP, Lundquist PO, Persson P, Alstrom S (2008) Evidence for specificity of cultivable bacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 65:310–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Bonfante P (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a specialised niche for rhizospheric and endocellular bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:365–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Bandi C, Minerdi D, Sironi M, Tichy HV, Bonfante P (1996) An obligately endosymbiotic mycorrhizal fungus itself harbors obligately intracellular bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3005–3010

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Lumini E, Lanfranco L, Minerdi D, Bonfante P, Perotto S (2000) Detection and identification of bacterial endosymbionts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the family Gigasporaceae. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4503–4509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Andreotti S, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Perotto S (2001a) Mucoid mutants of the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 show increased ability in biofilm formation on mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal carrot roots. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 14:255–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Andreotti S, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Perotto S (2001b) Extracellular polysaccharides are involved in the attachment of Azospirillum brasilense and Rhizobium leguminosarum to arbuscular mycorrhizal structures. Eur J Histochem 45:39–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Lumini E, Bonfante P, Vandamme P (2003) ‘Candidatus glomeribacter gigasporarum’ gen. nov., sp. nov., an endosymbiont of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:121–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianciotto V, Genre A, Jargeat P, Lumini E, Becard G, Bonfante P (2004) Vertical transmission of endobacteria in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita through generation of vegetative spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:3600–3608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfante P, Anca IA (2009) Plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and bacteria: a network of interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 63:363–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfante P, Balestrini A (1994) Storage and secretion processes in the spore of Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall as revealed by high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. New Phytol 128:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfante-Fasolo P, Schubert A (1987) Spore wall architecture of Glomus spp. Can J Bot 65:539–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyetchko S, Tewari J (1996) Use of VA mycorrhizal fungi in soil-borne disease management. In: Utkhede R, Gupta V (eds) Management of soil borne diseases. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, pp 146–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Broek A, Vanderleyden J (1995) The role of bacterial motility, chemotaxis and attachment in bacteria–plant interaction. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 8:800–810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne P, Rice O, Miller S, Burke J, Dowling D, Morrissey J (2009) Superior inorganic phosphate solubilization is linked to phylogeny within the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex. Appl Soil Ecol 43:131–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brundrett M (2009) Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant Soil 320:37–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budi SW, van Tuinen D, Martinotti G, Gianinazzi S (1999) Isolation from the Sorghum bicolor mycorrhizosphere of a bacterium compatible with arbuscular mycorrhiza development and antagonistic towards soilborne fungal pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5148–5150

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buee M, Rossignol M, Jauneau A, Ranjeva R, Becard G (2000) The pre-symbiotic growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is induced by a branching factor partially purified from plant root exudates. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 13:693–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burmolle M, Hansen LH, Sorensen SJ (2007) Establishment and early succession of a multispecies biofilm composed of soil bacteria. Microb Ecol 54:352–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buscot F, Munch JC, Charcosset JY, Gardes M, Nehls U, Hampp R (2000) Recent advances in exploring physiology and biodiversity of ectomycorrhizas highlight the functioning of these symbioses in ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:601–614

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buzzini P, Gasparetti C, Turchetti B, Cramarossa MR, Vaughan-Martini A, Martini A, Pagnoni UM, Forti L (2005) Production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by yeasts isolated from the ascocarps of black (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) and white (Tuber magnatum Pico) truffles. Arch Microbiol 184:187–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cairney JWG (2000) Evolution of mycorrhiza systems. Naturwissenschaften 87:467–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter-Boggs L, Loynachan T, Stahl P (1995) Spore germination of Gigaspora margarita stimulated by volatiles of soil-isolated Actinomycetes. Soil Biol Biochem 27:1445–1451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaparro JM, Badri DV, Bakker MG, Sugiyama A, Manter DK, Vivanco JM (2013) Root exudation of phytochemicals in Arabidopsis follows specific patterns that are developmentally programmed and correlate with soil microbial functions. PLoS One 8:e55731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Booker FL, Tu C, Burkey KO, Zhou L, Shew HD, Rufty TW, Hu S (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2. Science 337:1084–1087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen H, Jakobsen I (1993) Reduction of bacterial growth by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the rhizosphere of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Biol Fertil Soils 15:253–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citernesi AS, Filippi C, Bagnoli G, Giovannetti M (1994) Effects of the antimycotic molecule Iturin A2, secreted by Bacillus subtilis strain M51, on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Microbiol Res 149:241–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corradi N, Bonfante P (2012) The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: origin and evolution of a beneficial plant infection. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costerton JW, Cheng KJ, Geesey GG, Ladd TI, Nickel JC, Dasgupta M, Marrie TJ (1987) Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:435–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz AF, Ishii T (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores host bacteria that affect nutrient biodynamics and biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens. Biol Open 1:52–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curl E, Truelove B (1986) The rhizosphere. Advanced series in agricultural sciences. Springer, Berlin, vol 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Czarnota MA, Rimando AM, Weston LA (2003) Evaluation of root exudates of seven sorghum accessions. J Chem Ecol 29:2073–2083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desiro A, Naumann M, Epis S, Novero M, Bandi C, Genre A, Bonfante P (2013) Mollicutes-related endobacteria thrive inside liverwort-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environ Microbiol 15:822–836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desiro A, Salvioli A, Ngonkeu EL, Mondo SJ, Epis S, Faccio A, Kaech A, Pawlowska TE, Bonfante P (2014) Detection of a novel intracellular microbiome hosted in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 8:257–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desiro A, Faccio A, Kaech A, Bidartondo MI, Bonfante P (2015) Endogone, one of the oldest plant-associated fungi, host unique Mollicutes-related endobacteria. New Phytol 205:1464–1472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duponnois R, Garbaye J (1990) Some mechanisms involved in growth stimulation of ectomycorrhizal fungi by bacteria. Can J Bot 68:2148–2152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duponnois R, Kisa M, Prin Y, Ducousso M, Plenchette C, Lepage M, Galiana A (2008) Soil factors influencing the growth response of Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don to ectomycorrhizal inoculation. New For 2:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng G, Song YC, Li XL, Christie P (2003) Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to utilization of organic sources of phosphorus by red clover in a calcareous soil. Appl Soil Ecol 22:139–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filion M, Starnaud M, Fortin JA (1999) Direct interaction between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and different rhizosphere microorganisms. New Phytol 141:525–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filippi C, Bagnoli G, Citernesi AS, Giovannetti M (1998) Ultrastructural spatial distribution of bacteria associated with sporocarps of Glomus mosseae. Symbiosis 24:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey P, Frey-Klett P, Garbaye J, Berge O, Heulin T (1997) Metabolic and genotypic fingerprinting of fluorescent Pseudomonads associated with the Douglas Fir-laccaria bicolor mycorrhizosphere. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1852–1860

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Klett P, Garbaye J, Tarkka M (2007) The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited. New Phytol 176:22–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujishige NA, Kapadia NN, De Hoff PL, Hirsch AM (2006) Investigations of Rhizobium biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 56:195–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garbaye (1994) Helper bacteria: a new dimension to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 128:197–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George E, Marschner H, Jakobsen I (1995) Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen from soil. Crit Rev Biotechnol 15:257–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdemann JW (1974) Vesicula-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghignone S, Salvioli A, Anca I, Lumini E, Ortu G, Petiti L, Cruveiller S, Bianciotto V, Piffanelli P, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P (2012) The genome of the obligate endobacterium of an AM fungus reveals an interphylum network of nutritional interactions. ISME J 6:136–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler MJJ (2003) Chitin stimulates development and sporulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Soil Ecol 22:283–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler M, Hrselova H, Striteska D (2000) Effect of soil bacteria on hyphal growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 45:545–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel C (2007) Extraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelia: shadowy figures in the soil. In: Hamel C, Plenchette C (eds) Mycorrhizae in crop production: applying knowledge. Haworth, Binghampton, pp 1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamel C, Barrantes-Cartin U, Furlan V, Smith D (1991) Endomycorrhizal fungi in nitrogen transfer from soybean to maize. Plant Soil 138:33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrier LA, Watson CA (2004) The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Manag Sci 60:149–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heckman DS, Geiser DM, Eidell BR, Stauffer RL, Kardos NL, Hedges SB (2001) Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293:1129–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt U, Janetta K, Bothe H (2002) Towards growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi independent of a plant host. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:1919–1924

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt U, Ouziad F, Marner FJ, Bothe H (2006) The bacterium Paenibacillus validus stimulates growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices up to the formation of fertile spores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254:258–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiltner L (1904) Uber neuere Erfahrungen und Probleme auf dem Gebiete der Bodenbakteriologie unter besonderden berucksichtigung und Brache. Arb Dtsch Landwirtsch Gesellschaft 98:59–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge A (2014) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic material substrates. Adv Appl Microbiol 89:47–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Izumi H, Anderson IC, Alexander IJ, Killham K, Moore ER (2006) Endobacteria in some ectomycorrhiza of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 56:34–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaderlund L, Arthurson V, Granhall U, Jansson JK (2008) Specific interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria: as revealed by different combinations. FEMS Microbiol Lett 287:174–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansa J, Bukovska P, Gryndler M (2013) Mycorrhizal hyphae as ecological niche for highly specialized hypersymbionts – or just soil free-riders? Front Plant Sci 4:134. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00134

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jargeat P, Cosseau C, Ola’H B, Jauneau A, Bonfante P, Batut J, Becard G (2004) Isolation, free-living capacities, and genome structure of “Candidatus glomeribacter gigasporarum,” the endocellular bacterium of the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. J Bacteriol 186:6876–6884

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joner EJ, Van Aarle IM, Vosátka M (2000) Phosphatase activity of extra-radical arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae: a review. Plant Soil 226:199–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorquera M, Hernandez M, Rengel Z, Marschner P, Mora M (2008) Isolation of culturable phosphor bacteria with both phytate-mineralization and phosphate-solubilization activity from the rhizosphere of plants grown in a volcanic soil. Biol Fertil Soils 44:1025–1034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir Z, O’Halloran I, Fyles J, Hamel C (1997) Seasonal changes of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as affected by tillage practices and fertilization: hyphal density and mycorrhizal root colonization. Plant Soil 192:285–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor A, Mukherji K, Kapoor R (1998) Microbial interactions in mycorrhizosphere of Anethum graveolens L. Phytomorphology 48:383–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasiamdari R, Smith S, Smith F, Scott E (2002) Influence of the mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus coronatum, and soil phosphorus on infection and disease caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia solani on mung bean (Vigna radiata). Plant Soil 238:235–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kistner C, Parniske M (2002) Evolution of signal transduction in intracellular symbiosis. Trends Plant Sci 7:511–518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna K, Bagyaraj D (1983) Interaction between Glomus fasciculatum and Sclerotium rolfsii in peanut. Can J Bot 61:2349–2351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh J, Hodge A, Fitter AH (2009) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can transfer substantial amounts of nitrogen to their host plant from organic material. New Phytol 181:199–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy A, Chang BJ, Abbott LK, Kuo J, Harnett G, Inglis TJ (2003) Invasion of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora decipiens by Burkholderia spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:6250–6256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Linderman R (1988) Mycorrhizal interactions with the rhizosphere microflora – the mycorrhizosphere effect. Phytopathology 78:366–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Linderman RG (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions. In: Bethlenfalvay G, Linderman R (eds) Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Special Publication No. 54. Madison, WI, pp 45–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Lioussanne L (2007) Rôles des modifications de la microflore bactérienne et de l’exudation racinaire de la tomate par la symbiose mycorhizienne dans le biocontrôlesur le Phytophthora nicotianae. Doctoral thesis, University of Montreal, Montreal [In French]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lioussanne L (2010) The role of the arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated rhizobacteria in the biocontrol of soilborne phytopathogens. Span J Agric Res 8:51–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez MF, Manner P, Willmann A, Hampp R, Nehls U (2007) Increased trehalose biosynthesis in hartig net hyphae of ectomycorrhizas. New Phytol 174:389–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lumini E, Ghignone S, Bianciotto V, Bonfante P (2006) Endobacteria or bacterial endosymbionts? To be or not to be. New Phytol 170:205–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lumini E, Bianciotto V, Jargeat P, Novero M, Salvioli A, Faccio A, Becard G, Bonfante P (2007) Presymbiotic growth and sporal morphology are affected in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita cured of its endobacteria. Cell Microbiol 9:1716–1729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald RM, Chandler MR (1981) Bacterium-like organelles in the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus caledonius. New Phytol 89:241–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maia LC, Kimbrough JW (1998) Ultrastructural studies of spores and hypha of a Glomus species. Int J Plant Sci 159:581–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner H (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd edn. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Marschner P, Timonen S (2006) Bacterial community composition and activity in rhizosphere of roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Mukerji KG, Manoharachary C, Singh J (eds) Microbial activity in the rhizoshere. Springer, Berlin, pp 139–154

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Marulanda A, Barea JM, Azcon R (2006) An indigenous drought-tolerant strain of Glomus intraradices associated with a native bacterium improves water transport and root development in Retama sphaerocarpa. Microb Ecol 52:670–678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayo K, Davis R, Motta J (1986) Stimulation of germination of spores of Glomus versiforme by spore-associated bacteria. Mycologia 3:426–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer J, Linderman R (1986) Response of subterranean clover to dual inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and a plant growth promoting bacterium Pseudomonas putida. Soil Biol Biochem 18:185–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minerdi D, Fani R, Gallo R, Boarino A, Bonfante P (2001) Nitrogen fixation genes in an endosymbiotic Burkholderia strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:725–732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Minerdi D, Banciotto V, Bonfante P (2002) Endosymbiotic bacteria in mycorrhizal fungi: from their morphology to genomic sequences. Plant Soil 244:211–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mondo SJ, Toomer KH, Morton JB, Lekberg Y, Pawlowska TE (2012) Evolutionary stability in a 400-million-year-old heritable facultative mutualism. Evolution 66:2564–2576

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JA, Bending GD, White PJ (2005) Biological costs and benefits to plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56:1729–1739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse B (1962) The establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza under aseptic conditions. J Gen Microbiol 27:509–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosse B (1970) Honey-coloured sessile Endogone spores: II Changes in fine structure during spore development. Arch Mykrobiol 74:146–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G (2003) Microbial diversity and soil functions. Eur J Soil Sci 54:655–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naumann M, Schussler A, Bonfante P (2010) The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes. ISME J 4:862–871

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PA, Thingstrup I, Jakobsen I, Baath E (1999) Estimation of the biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a linseed field. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1879–1887

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordonez YM, Fernandez BR, Lara LS, Rodriguez A, Uribe-Velez D, Sanders IR (2016) Bacteria with phosphate solubilizing capacity alter mycorrhizal fungal growth both inside and outside the root and in the presence of native microbial communities. PLoS One 11:e0154438

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oswald ET, Ferchau HA (1968) Bacterial associations of coniferous mycorrhizae. Plant Soil 28:187–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinton R, Varanini Z, Nannipieri P (2001) The rhizosphere: biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Potera C (1996) Biofilms invade microbiology. Science 5283:1795–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozo MJ, Cordier C, Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Barea JM, Azcon-Aguilar C (2002) Localized versus systemic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on defence responses to Phytophthora infection in tomato plants. J Exp Bot 53:525–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings GB (1958) Some practical aspects of forest mycotrophy. NZ Soc Soil Sci Proc 3:41–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE (2000) Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920–1921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez H, Fraga R (1999) Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnol Adv 17:319–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roesti D, Ineichen K, Braissant O, Redecker D, Wiemken A, Aragno M (2005) Bacteria associated with spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus geosporum and Glomus constrictum. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:6673–6679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Lozano JM, Bonfante P (2000) A Burkholderia strain living inside the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita possesses the vacb gene, which is involved in host cell colonization by bacteria. Microb Ecol 39:137–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvioli A, Ghignone S, Novero M, Navazio L, Venice F, Bagnaresi P, Bonfante P (2016) Symbiosis with an endobacterium increases the fitness of a mycorrhizal fungus, raising its bioenergetic potential. ISME J 10:130–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarand I, Timonen S, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Koivila T, Haahtela K, Romantschuk M et al (1998) Microbial biofilms and catabolic plasmid harbouring degradative fluorescent pseudomonads in Scots pine ectomycorrhizospheres developed on petroleum contaminated soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 27:115–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarand I, Timonen S, Koivula T, Peltola R, Haahtela K, Sen R et al (1999) Tolerance and biodegradation of m-toluate by Scots pine, a mycorrhizal fungus and fluorescent pseudomonads individually and under associative conditions. J Appl Microbiol 86:817–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarand I, Haario H, Jørgensen KS, Romantschuk M (2000) Effect of inoculation of a TOL plasmid containing mycorrhizosphere bacterium on development of Scots pine seedlings, their mycorrhizosphere and the microbial flora in m- toluate-amended soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31:127–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scannerini S, Bonfante P (1991) Bacteria and bacteria like objects in endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomaceae). In: Margulis L, Fester R (eds) Symbiosis as source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis. The MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheublin TR, Sanders IR, Keel C, VanDerMeer JR (2010) Characterization of microbial communities colonising the hyphal surfaces of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ISME J 4:752–763

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiner R, Mihara K, McDaniel H, Bethlenfalvay G (1997) Mycorrhizal functioning influence plant and soil functions and interactions. Plant Soil 188:199–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüßler A (2000) Glomus claroideum forms an arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus. Mycorrhiza 10:15–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secilia J, Bagyaraj DJ (1987) Bacteria and actinomycetes associated with pot cultures of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas. Can J Microbiol 12:1069–1073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon L, Bousquet J, Levesque RC, Lalonde M (1993) Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363:67–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith S, Read D (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith S, Read D (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Soderberg KH, Olsson PA, Baath E (2002) Structure and activity of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of different plant species and the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 40:223–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sood SG (2003) Chemotactic response of plant-growth-promoting bacteria towards roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:219–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staddon PL, Ramsey CB, Ostle N, Ineson P, Fitter AH (2003) Rapid turnover of hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi determined by AMS microanalysis of 14C. Science 300:1138–1140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor TN, Krings M (2005) Fossil microorganisms and land plants: associations and interactions. Symbiosis 40:119–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tisserant E, Kohler A, Dozolme-Seddas P, Balestrini R, Benabdellah K, Colard A, Croll Daniel Da Silva C, Gomez SK, Koul R, Ferrol N, Fiorilli V, Formey D, Franken P, Helber N, Hijri M, Lanfranco L, Lindquist E, Liu Y, Malbreil M, Morin E, Poulain J, Shapiro H, van Tuinen D, Waschke A, Azcon-Aguilar C, Bcard G, Bonfante P, Harrison MJ, Kuster H, Lammers P, Paszkowski U, Requena N, Rensing SA, Roux C, Sanders Ian R, Shachar-Hill Y, Tuskan G, JPW Y, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Martin F (2012) The transcriptome of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (DAOM 197198) reveals functional tradeoffs in an obligate symbiont. New Phytol 193:755–769

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tisserant E, Malbreil M, Kuo A, Kohler A, Symeonidi A, Balestrini R, Charron P, Duensing N, Frei DFN, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gilbert LB, Handa Y, Herr JR, Hijri M, Koul R, Kawaguchi M, Krajinski F, Lammers PJ, Masclaux FG, Murat C, Morin E, Ndikumana S, Pagni M, Petitpierre D, Requena N, Rosikiewicz P, Riley R, Saito K, San CH, Shapiro H, van Tuinen D, Becard G, Bonfante P, Paszkowski U, Shachar-Hill YY, Tuskan GA, Young JP, Sanders IR, Henrissat B, Rensing SA, Grigoriev IV, Corradi N, Roux C, Martin F (2013) Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:20117–20122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Toljander JF, Artursson V, Paul LR, Jansson JK, Finlay RD (2006) Attachment of different soil bacteria to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal extraradical hyphae is determined by hyphal vitality and fungal species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 254:34–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toljander J, Lindahl B, Paul L, Elfstrand M, Finlay R (2007) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial exudates on soil bacterial growth and community structure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2:295–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Cortes G, Ghignone S, Bonfante P, Schussler A (2015) Mosaic genome of endobacteria in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: transkingdom gene transfer in an ancient mycoplasma-fungus association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:7785–7790

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torsvik V, Øvreas L (2002) Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 5:240–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint JP, Kraml M, Nell M, Smith SE, Smith FA, Steinkellner S, Schmiderer C, Vierheilig H, Novak J (2008) Effect of Glomus mosseae on concentrations of rosmarinic and caffeic acids and essential oil compounds in basil inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. basilica. Plant Pathol 57:1109–1116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tylka G, Hussey R, Roncadori R (1991) Axenic germination of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Effects of selected Streptomyces species. Phytopathology 81:754–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uroz S, Calvaruso C, Turpault MP, Pierrat JC, Mustin C, Frey-Klett P (2007) Effect of the mycorrhizosphere on the genotypic and metabolic diversity of the bacterial communities involved in mineral weathering in a forest soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:3019–3027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden MG, Martin FM, Selosse MA, Sanders IR (2015) Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future. New Phytol 205:1406–1423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vierheilig H (2004) Regulatory mechanisms during the plant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus interaction. Can J Bot 82:1166–1176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vivas A, Marulanda A, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Barea JM, Azcon R (2003) Influence of a Bacillus sp. on physiological activities of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and on plant responses to PEG-induced drought stress. Mycorrhiza 13:249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vósatka M, Gryndler M (1999) Treatment with culture fractions from Pseudomonas putida modifies the development of Glomus fistulosum mycorrhiza and the response of potato and maize plants to inoculation. Appl Soil Ecol 11:245–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walley FL, Germida JJ (1996) Failure to decontaminate Glomus clarum NT4 spores is due to spore wall-associated bacteria. Mycorrhiza 6:43–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Shi N, Jiang R, Zhang F, Feng G (2016) In situ stable isotope probing of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in the hyphosphere. J Exp Bot 67:1689–1701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whipps JM (2004) Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas in biocontrol of root pathogens. Can J Bot 82:1198–1227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiemken V (2007) Trehalose synthesis in ectomycorrhizas – a driving force of carbon gain for fungi? New Phytol 174:228–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright SF, Upadhyaya A (1996) Extraction of an abundant and unusual protein from soil and comparison with hyphal protein of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Sci 161:575–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright SF, Franke-Snyder M, Morton JB, Upadhyaya A (1996) Time course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of roots. Plant Soil 181:193–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier L, Germida J (2003) Bacteria associated with Glomus clarum spores influence mycorrhizal activity. Soil Biol Biochem 35:471–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Fan J, Ding X, He X, Zhang F, Feng G (2014) Hyphosphere interactions between an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and a phosphate solubilizing bacterium promote phytate mineralization in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 74:177–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Xu M, Liu Y, Zhang F, Hodge A, Feng G (2016) Carbon and phosphorus exchange may enable cooperation between an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium. New Phytol 210:1022–1032

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geetanjali Manchanda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manchanda, G., Singh, R.P., Li, Z.F., Zhang, J.J. (2017). Mycorrhiza: Creating Good Spaces for Interactions. In: Varma, A., Prasad, R., Tuteja, N. (eds) Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53064-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics