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Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI pp 261–300Cite as

Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging

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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in western societies and developing countries despite improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) account for more than 50% of CVD deaths and are the result of coronary atherosclerosis and plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis. Thus, early detection of biological processes associated with atherosclerosis progression and plaque instability may improve patient risk stratification and treatment guidance. Motivated by the great clinical potential of coronary plaque imaging tremendous advances in imaging technology and contrast agent design have been made in the last decade and have allowed to assess coronary plaque burden, composition and biological activity with several non-invasive imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), mostly in small proof-of-concept single center clinical studies. In this book chapter, we will discuss the recent advances in both, established and emerging imaging modalities, highlighting the potential of molecular MRI for imaging atherosclerotic disease in vivo.

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Abbreviations

18F–FDG:

[18F] fluorodeoxyglucose

18F–FDM:

[18F] fluorodeoxymannose

18F-NaF:

18F-sodium-fluoride

64Cu-TNP:

64Cu-labeled triple reporter nanoparticle

89Zr-DNP:

89Zr labelled dextran nanoparticles

α-act:

Alpha – actin

a.u.:

Arbitrary units

ACS:

Acute coronary syndrome

AM:

Acute marginal branch

Ao:

Aorta

ApoE:

Apolipoprotein E

Arg:

Arginine

Asp:

Aspartic

Au:

Gold

AV:

Atrioventricular node branch

B0:

Static magnetic field

B1:

Oscillating magnetic field

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

CD206:

Mannose receptor

CE-CMR:

Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance

CE-MRA:

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography

CMRA:

Cardiac magnetic resonance angiography

CMRI:

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

CNR:

Contrast-to-noise ratio

CT:

Computer tomography

CTA:

Computer tomography angiography

Cu:

Copper

CVD:

Cardiovascular diseases

DCE-MRI:

Dynamic contrast-enhanced – magnetic resonance imaging

DE-MRI:

Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

DI:

First-order diagonal branch vessel

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

EC:

Endothelial cell

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ESMA:

Elastin-specific gadolinium-based contrast agent

F:

Fluor

FD-OCT:

Frequency domain – optical coherence tomography

FFR:

Fractional flow reverse

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Gd:

Gadolinium

Gly:

Glycine

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

HFD:

High fat diet

ICAM-1:

Intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1

IEL:

Internal elastic lamina

IVUS:

Intravascular ultrasonography

IVUS-VH:

Intravascular ultrasonography – virtual histology

LAD:

Left anterior descending artery

LCX:

Left circumflex artery

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

LDLR:

Low density lipoprotein receptor

LGE:

Late gadolinium-enhancement

LM:

Left main coronary artery

LOX-1:

Lysyl oxidase 1

LV:

Left ventricle

M1:

Classically-activated or pro-inflammatory macrophages

M2:

Alternatively- activated or resolving macrophages

MDCT:

Cardiac magnetic computed tomography

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MMPs:

Matrix metalloproteinases

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRA:

Magnetic resonance angiography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MTC:

Magnetization transfer contrast

Mxy:

Transverse magnetization

Mz:

Longitudinal magnetization

Mz0:

Equilibrium magnetization

Na:

Sodium

NIFS:

Near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

oxLDL:

Oxidized low density lipoprotein

PBR:

Benzodiazepine receptor

PC:

Phase contrast

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary intervention

PECAM-1:

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PET-CT:

Positron emission tomography – computer tomography

PET-MRI:

Positron emission tomography – magnetic resonance imaging

QCA:

Quantitative coronary angiography

RCA:

Right coronary artery

RF:

Radio frequency

RGD:

Arginine – glycine – aspartic

RV:

Right ventricle

SD:

Standard deviation

SGM:

Susceptibility gradient mapping

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

SPIR:

Spectral presaturation with inversion recovery

SR-AI:

Scavenger receptor type A member I

SSFP:

Steady state free precession

STIR:

Short tau inversion recovery

SUV:

Standard uptake value

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TOF:

Time-of-flight

TV:

Total variation

V:

Vacuole

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VSMCs:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

Zr:

Zirconium

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge financial support from: (1) the British Heart Foundation (RG/12/1/29262), (2) the Centre of Excellence in Medical Engineering funded by the Wellcome Trust and EPSRC (WT 088641/Z/09/Z), (3) the British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence and (4) the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London and King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 7EH, UK

    Begoña Lavin Plaza PhD, Pierre Gebhardt, Alkystis Phinikaridou & René M. Botnar

  2. Department of Physics of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Pierre Gebhardt

  3. The British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London, UK

    René M. Botnar

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  1. Begoña Lavin Plaza PhD
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  2. Pierre Gebhardt
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Correspondence to Begoña Lavin Plaza PhD .

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  1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, BMRU, Oxford, United Kingdom

    Christakis Constantinides

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Lavin Plaza, B., Gebhardt, P., Phinikaridou, A., Botnar, R.M. (2018). Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging. In: Constantinides, C. (eds) Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53001-7_8

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