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Preclinical Cardiac In Vivo Spectroscopy

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Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI

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Abstract

Heart disease, and specifically heart failure, result from a complex interaction of genetics, metabolism, and physical insult/ischaemia that lead to changes in myocardial metabolism, gene expression, hypertrophy, cell death, or scarring. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been employed as a key tool for probing myocardial metabolism as it uniquely provides a nondestructive, noninvasive, method to probe metabolism without the need for additional radioactive probes. Many surgical and genetic animal models, which mimic the characteristics of human cardiac disease, have become established enabling researchers to study the physical and metabolic changes involved at a level of detail that is typically not possible in the clinic. In the preclinical context, a variety of pulse sequences, radio-frequency coils, and physical set-ups have been used to measure magnetic resonance spectra in order to study myocardial metabolism both ex vivo and in vivo. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of the art, and the animal models and biological systems to which they have been applied.

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Abbreviations

[2,3]-DPG:

Diphosphoglycerate

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BIR:

B1-insensitive rotation

CHESS:

Chemical shift selective

CK:

Creatine kinase

CSI:

Chemical shift imaging

DANTE:

Delays alternating with nutations for tailored excitation selective excitation

Dy[PPP]2 :

Dysprosium bis-triphosphate

Dy[TTHA]3− :

Dysprosium triethylenetriamine hexaacetate

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EPSI:

Echo-planar spectroscopic-imaging

FID:

Free induction decay

FSW:

Fourier series window

FT:

Fourier transform

GAMT:

Guanidoacitate N-methyl transferase

HPLC:

High-pressure liquid chromatography

ISIS:

Image selected in vivo spectroscopy

kfCK :

Forward reaction rate constant for creatine kinase

krCK :

Reverse reaction rate constant for creatine kinase

LAD:

Left anterior descending coronary artery

LCx:

Left circumflex artery

m-CK:

Cytosolic muscle creatine kinase isoform

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRS:

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nae + :

Extracellular sodium

Nai + :

Intracellular sodium

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PCr:

Phosphocreatine

Pi :

Inorganic phosphate

PRESS:

Point resolved spectroscopy

RAPP:

Rotating frame experiment using adiabatic plane rotation pulses for phase modulation

RF:

Radio frequency

SI:

Spectroscopic imaging

SLAM:

Spectroscopy with linear algebraic modeling

SLIM:

Spectral localization by imaging

SLOOP:

Spatial localization with optimum pointspread function

SNR:

Signal-to-noise ratio

STEAM:

Stimulated echo acquisition mode

TAC:

Transverse aortic constriction

TE:

Echo time

TM:

Mixing time for STEAM pulse sequence

Tm[DOTP]5− :

Thulium(III)1,4,7,10 tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N‴-tetra(methylenephosphonate)

TR:

Repetition time

TSP:

3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3,d 4 acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BHF Experimental Magnetic Resonance Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Mahon L. Maguire PhD

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  1. Mahon L. Maguire PhD
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Correspondence to Mahon L. Maguire PhD .

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  1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, BMRU, Oxford, United Kingdom

    Christakis Constantinides

Tabulor Summary: Preclinical In Vivo Spectroscopy

Tabulor Summary: Preclinical In Vivo Spectroscopy

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Maguire, M.L. (2018). Preclinical Cardiac In Vivo Spectroscopy. In: Constantinides, C. (eds) Protocols and Methodologies in Basic Science and Clinical Cardiac MRI. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53001-7_5

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