Abstract
While used less frequently than arterial access procedures, venous access alone or in combination with arterial access can effectively address various vascular problems. Steps unique to venous navigation are described. Conditions such as cranial sinus thrombosis, arteriovenous fistulae, carotid cavernous fistulae, and arteriovenous malformations can be treated using venous approach.
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Suggested Reading
Pearce M. Practical neuroangiography. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 443–55.
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Khan, SN.H., Ringer, A.J. (2017). Venography and Intervention. In: Handbook of Neuroendovascular Techniques. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52936-3_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52936-3_7
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