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Instrumentation

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Abstract

The change underwent by electrostatics in the last few decades was made possible by recent experimental developments, both radical and incremental. This chapter is a report on instruments that played a decisive role in this process with comments on their possibilities and limitations. A radical development was the introduction of various modes of scanning electric probe microscopy. These allow the measurement of charge, potential, capacitance, conductivity, and other related parameters with spatial resolution in the nanometer range. These techniques revealed previously unsuspected patterns of fixed charge distributed on insulator and even in metal and semiconductor surfaces at the nanoscale, forcing researchers to reexamine well-established concepts. Spatial resolution in charge and potential measurement at the macroscale was also achieved, thanks to important developments in macroscopic probes, especially in the century-old Kelvin electrode. Impact of these developments went beyond electrostatics because electrical measurements have great comparative advantages over force, optical, thermal, and radiation measurement techniques, concerning both accuracy and precision. This is evidenced by the ubiquity of the Faraday cups used in instruments prominent in every branch of science.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Fernando Galembeck

  2. Departament of Physics, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Thiago A. L. Burgo

Authors
  1. Fernando Galembeck
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  2. Thiago A. L. Burgo
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Galembeck, F., A. L. Burgo, T. (2017). Instrumentation. In: Chemical Electrostatics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52374-3_14

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