Abstract
The advent and adaptation of many imaging modalities promise to revolutionize our understanding of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by improving the detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of response to treatment of this disease. Diagnosis and classification of ROP traditionally relies on an eye exam by an ophthalmologist expert in this area who characterizes extent and character of retinal vascularization via indirect ophthalmoscopy. Many tools now exist that allow for data acquisition by nurses, technicians, and other trained staff with the images analyzed in a more centralized location. We will focus on two rapidly evolving technologies, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and wide field fluorescein angiography (FA), to better understand how these tools may change our current understanding and management of ROP.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Fujimoto JG. Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:1361–7.
Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science (New York, NY). 1991;254:1178–81.
Swanson EA, Izatt JA, Hee MR, et al. In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1993;18:1864–6.
Puliafito CA, Hee MR, Lin CP, et al. Imaging of macular diseases with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:217–29.
Hee MR, Puliafito CA, Wong C, et al. Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:1019–29.
Daniel E, Toth CA, Grunwald JE, et al. Risk of scar in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:656–66.
Schuman JS, Hee MR, Puliafito CA, et al. Quantification of nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:586–96.
Fercher AF, Hitzenberger CK, Kamp G, El-Zaiat SY. Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry. Optics Communications. 1995;117:43–8.
de Boer JF, Cense B, Park BH, Pierce MC, Tearney GJ, Bouma BE. Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 2003;28:2067–9.
Lee JY, Chiu SJ, Srinivasan PP, et al. Fully automatic software for retinal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema from images acquired by cirrus and spectralis systems. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:7595–602.
Folgar FA, Yuan EL, Farsiu S, Toth CA. Lateral and axial measurement differences between spectral-domain optical coherence tomography systems. J Biomed Opt. 2014;19:16014.
Hess DB, Asrani SG, Bhide MG, Enyedi LB, Stinnett SS, Freedman SF. Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis of normal and glaucomatous eyes in children using optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:509–17.
El-Dairi MA, Asrani SG, Enyedi LB, Freedman SF. Optical coherence tomography in the eyes of normal children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:50–8.
Chong GT, Farsiu S, Freedman SF, et al. Abnormal foveal morphology in ocular albinism imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:37–44.
Joshi MM, Trese MT, Capone A Jr. Optical coherence tomography findings in stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity: a theory for visual variability. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:657–60.
Vinekar A, Avadhani K, Sivakumar M, et al. Understanding clinically undetected macular changes in early retinopathy of prematurity on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:5183–8.
Vinekar A, Sivakumar M, Shetty R, et al. A novel technique using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis, SD-OCT + HRA) to image supine non-anaesthetized infants: utility demonstrated in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. Eye (London, England). 2010;24:379–82.
Scott AW, Farsiu S, Enyedi LB, Wallace DK, Toth CA. Imaging the infant retina with a hand-held spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(364–73):e2.
Rothman AL, Folgar FA, Tong AY, Toth CA. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography characterization of pediatric epiretinal membranes. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa) 2014.
Maldonado RS, Izatt JA, Sarin N, et al. Optimizing hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging for neonates, infants, and children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2678–85.
Hittner HM, Rhodes LM, McPherson AR. Anterior segment abnormalities in cicatricial retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:803–16.
Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:785–9.
Mactier H, Maroo S, Bradnam M, Hamilton R. Ocular biometry in preterm infants: implications for estimation of retinal illuminance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:453–7.
Gullstrand A. Appendices II and IV. In: Southall JPC, editor. Helmholtz’s treatise on physiological optics. Menasha, WI: Optical Society of America; 1909.
Cook A, White S, Batterbury M, Clark D. Ocular growth and refractive error development in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:5199–207.
Moreno TA, O’Connell RV, Chiu SJ, et al. Choroid development and feasibility of choroidal imaging in the preterm and term infants utilizing SD-OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:4140–7.
Vajzovic L, Hendrickson AE, O’Connell RV, et al. Maturation of the human fovea: correlation of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings with histology. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(779–89):e2.
Maldonado RS, O’Connell RV, Sarin N, et al. Dynamics of human foveal development after premature birth. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:2315–25.
Hendrickson AE, Yuodelis C. The morphological development of the human fovea. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:603–12.
Hendrickson A, Possin D, Vajzovic L, Toth CA. Histologic development of the human fovea from midgestation to maturity. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(767–78):e2.
Dubis AM, Costakos DM, Subramaniam CD, et al. Evaluation of normal human foveal development using optical coherence tomography and histologic examination. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1291–300.
Yiu G, Pecen P, Sarin N, et al. Characterization of the choroid-scleral junction and suprachoroidal layer in healthy individuals on enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013.
Read SA, Collins MJ, Vincent SJ, Alonso-Caneiro D. Choroidal thickness in childhood. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:3586–93.
Samarawickrama C, Huynh SC, Liew G, Burlutsky G, Mitchell P. Birth weight and optic nerve head parameters. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1112–8.
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, Hartley L. Optic disc measurements in full term infants. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:662–4.
Wang J, Spencer R, Leffler JN, Birch EE. Characteristics of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in preterm children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(850–5):e1.
Allingham MJ, Cabrera MT, O’Connell RV, et al. Racial variation in optic nerve head parameters quantified in healthy newborns by handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Journal of AAPOS: Off publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus/Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;17:501–6.
Tong AY, El-Dairi M, Maldonado RS, et al. Evaluation of optic nerve development in preterm and term infants using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2014.
Maldonado RS, Toth CA. Optical coherence tomography in retinopathy of prematurity: looking beyond the vessels. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40:271–96.
Wallace DK, Bremer DL, Good WV, et al. Correlation of recognition visual acuity with posterior retinal structure in advanced retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1512–6.
Chavala SH, Farsiu S, Maldonado R, Wallace DK, Freedman SF, Toth CA. Insights into advanced retinopathy of prematurity using handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:2448–56.
Muni RH, Kohly RP, Charonis AC, Lee TC. Retinoschisis detected with handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in neonates with advanced retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:57–62.
Lee AC, Maldonado RS, Sarin N, et al. Macular features from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography as an adjunct to indirect ophthalmoscopy in retinopathy of prematurity. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2011;31:1470–82.
Maldonado RS, O’Connell R, Ascher SB, et al. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic assessment of severity of cystoid macular edema in retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:569–78.
Maldonado RS, Freedman SF, Cotten CM, Ferranti JM, Toth CA. Reversible retinal edema in an infant with neonatal hemochromatosis and liver failure. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2011;15:91–3.
Dubis AM, Subramaniam CD, Godara P, Carroll J, Costakos DM. Subclinical macular findings in infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1665–71.
Recchia FM, Recchia CC. Foveal dysplasia evident by optical coherence tomography in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2007;27:1221–6.
Hammer DX, Iftimia NV, Ferguson RD, et al. Foveal fine structure in retinopathy of prematurity: an adaptive optics Fourier domain optical coherence tomography study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2061–70.
Akerblom H, Holmstrom G, Eriksson U, Larsson E. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in school-aged prematurely-born children compared to children born at term. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:956–60.
Park KA, Oh SY. Analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in preterm children: retinal layer thickness and choroidal thickness profiles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7201–7.
Wu WC, Shih CP, Wang NK, et al. Choroidal thickness in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:1451–8.
The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:991–9
Maldonado RS, Yuan E, Tran-Viet D, et al. Three-dimensional assessment of vascular and perivascular characteristics in subjects with retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2014.
Hahn P, Migacz J, O’Connell R, Maldonado RS, Izatt JA, Toth CA. The use of optical coherence tomography in intraoperative ophthalmic imaging. Ophthalmic surg Lasers Imaging: Off J Int Soc Imaging Eye. 2011;42(Suppl):S85–94.
Dayani PN, Maldonado R, Farsiu S, Toth CA. Intraoperative use of handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging in macular surgery. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2009;29:1457–68.
Ehlers JP, Tao YK, Farsiu S, Maldonado R, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Integration of a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system into a surgical microscope for intraoperative imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:3153–9.
Hahn P, Migacz J, O’Connell R, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Unprocessed real-time imaging of vitreoretinal surgical maneuvers using a microscope-integrated spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2013;251:213–20.
Hahn P, Migacz J, O’Donnell R, et al. Preclinical evaluation and intraoperative human retinal imaging with a high-resolution microscope-integrated spectral domain optical coherence tomography device. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2013;33:1328–37.
Chen Z, Milner TE, Dave D, Nelson JS. Optical Doppler tomographic imaging of fluid flow velocity in highly scattering media. Opt Lett. 1997;22:64–6.
Izatt JA, Kulkarni MD, Yazdanfar S, Barton JK, Welch AJ. In vivo bidirectional color Doppler flow imaging of picoliter blood volumes using optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett. 1997;22:1439–41.
Kehlet Barton J, Izatt JA, Kulkarni MD, Yazdanfar S, Welch AJ. Three-dimensional reconstruction of blood vessels from in vivo color Doppler optical coherence tomography images. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1999;198:355–61.
Lu CD, Kraus MF, Potsaid B, et al. Handheld ultrahigh speed swept source optical coherence tomography instrument using a MEMS scanning mirror. Biomed Opt Express. 2013;5:293–311.
Witmer MT, Kiss S. Wide-field imaging of the retina. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58:143–54.
Pomerantzeff O. Equator-plus camera. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975;14:401–6.
Neubauer AS, Kernt M, Haritoglou C, Priglinger SG, Kampik A, Ulbig MW. Nonmydriatic screening for diabetic retinopathy by ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Optomap). Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246:229–35.
Fung TH, Yusuf IH, Smith LM, Brett J, Weston L, Patel CK. Outpatient Ultra wide-field intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography in infants using the Optos P200MA scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:302–4.
Wu C, Petersen RA, VanderVeen DK. RetCam imaging for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Journal of AAPOS: Off publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus/Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2006;10:107–11.
Schwartz SD, Harrison SA, Ferrone PJ, Trese MT. Telemedical evaluation and management of retinopathy of prematurity using a fiberoptic digital fundus camera. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:25–8.
Roth DB, Morales D, Feuer WJ, Hess D, Johnson RA, Flynn JT. Screening for retinopathy of prematurity employing the retcam 120: sensitivity and specificity. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:268–72.
Ells AL, Holmes JM, Astle WF, et al. Telemedicine approach to screening for severe retinopathy of prematurity: a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:2113–7.
Chiang MF, Keenan JD, Starren J, et al. Accuracy and reliability of remote retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:322–7.
Ng EY, Lanigan B, O’Keefe M. Fundus fluorescein angiography in the screening for and management of retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2006;43:85–90.
Lepore D, Molle F, Pagliara MM, et al. Atlas of fluorescein angiographic findings in eyes undergoing laser for retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:168–75.
Purcaro V, Baldascino A, Papacci P, et al. Fluorescein angiography and retinal vascular development in premature infants. J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med: Off J Eur Assoc Perinat Med, Fed Asia Ocean Perinat Soc, Int Soc Perinat Obstet. 2012;25(Suppl 3):53–6.
Zepeda-Romero LC, Oregon-Miranda AA, Lizarraga-Barron DS, Gutierrez-Camarena O, Meza-Anguiano A, Gutierrez-Padilla JA. Early retinopathy of prematurity findings identified with fluorescein angiography. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2013;251:2093–7.
Yokoi T, Hiraoka M, Miyamoto M, Kobayashi Y, Nishina S, Azuma N. Vascular abnormalities in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity detected by fluorescein angiography. Ophthalmology. 2009;116:1377–82.
Yokoi T, Kobayashi Y, Hiraoka M, Nishina S, Azuma N. Evaluation of scleral buckling for stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity by fluorescein angiography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(544–50):e1.
Henaine-Berra A, Garcia-Aguirre G, Quiroz-Mercado H, Martinez-Castellanos MA. Retinal fluorescein angiographic changes following intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy. Journal of AAPOS: Off publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus/Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014;18:120–3.
Hoang QV, Kiernan DF, Chau FY, Shapiro MJ, Blair MP. Fluorescein angiography of recurrent retinopathy of prematurity after initial intravitreous bevacizumab treatment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128:1080–1.
Hu J, Blair MP, Shapiro MJ, Lichtenstein SJ, Galasso JM, Kapur R. Reactivation of retinopathy of prematurity after bevacizumab injection. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1000–6.
Manivannan A, Plskova J, Farrow A, McKay S, Sharp PF, Forrester JV. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography of the ocular fundus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:525–7.
Fung TH, Muqit MM, Mordant DJ, Smith LM, Patel CK. Noncontact high-resolution ultra-wide-field oral fluorescein angiography in premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132:108–10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rothman, A.L., Maldonado, R.S., Vajzovic, L., Toth, C.A. (2017). Optical Coherence Tomography and Wide-Field Fluorescein Angiography in Retinopathy of Prematurity. In: Kychenthal B., A., Dorta S., P. (eds) Retinopathy of Prematurity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52190-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52190-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52188-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52190-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)