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Socio-structural Variables and Value Orientations

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Social Structure, Value Orientations and Party Choice in Western Europe

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology ((PSEPS))

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Abstract

This chapter outlines how the socio-structural variables and the value orientations are operationalised and shows the comparative distributions of these variables. The socio-structural variables are first focussed upon. The subsequent parts outline the rich data material on social and political values which the European Values Study represents. The results from factor analyses of the value indicators are then discussed. The factor analyses show five value dimensions, two “Old Politics” dimensions and three “New Politics” dimensions. These five value orientations are used in the subsequent analysis and show the comparative distribution of the value orientations. The final section before the conclusion examines the relationship between value orientations and party choice in a comparative perspective.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For thorough analyses of comparative patterns of social structure widely defines in Western Europe, see Crouch (1999) and in most European countries, see Gabriel (2013).

  2. 2.

    In these countries, folk religiosity encompasses a positive orientation to the church as a provider of appropriate ceremony for the major milestones of an individual’s life (rites de passage) from birth through marriage to death and a set of beliefs about life, death and general morality that relates very loosely if at all to the theological orthodoxy (Madeley 1977: 271).

  3. 3.

    This differs from the European Social Survey where the respondents are asked whether they consider themselves to belong to a religious denomination.

  4. 4.

    The portion of Muslims in the samples is 3% in Belgium and Switzerland and less than 3% in all other countries.

  5. 5.

    In many predominantly Protestant and Roman Catholic countries there are a few percentages of the other Christian religion, but they were so few so they were recoded into the “Other” (denomination and religion) category.

  6. 6.

    The eta-correlations with party choice are very similar: the differences are less than 0.03 in all countries.

  7. 7.

    For a more detailed overview of the EG class schema and its use, see Knutsen 2006a: chapter 2.

  8. 8.

    For thorough discussions of the value concept, see also; Van Deth and Scarbrough 1995; Ester et al. (2006).

  9. 9.

    See also Hofstede and Hofstede (2005: chapter 1).

  10. 10.

    A somewhat different conceptualisation considers some values to serve individualistic interests while other serve more collective interests. According to this conceptualisation, individualistic versus collective values comprise a dimension where some people have more individualistic values while others have more collective values (Hofstede 2001: chapter 5; Triandis 1995). Another conceptualisation is to consider the personal and the social/political as separate domains in which people can have different value priorities. This is the approach in this work. Rokeach did not operate with an individual-collective dimension, but used value batteries where the respondents should rank both personal and social values. He therefore analysed whether personal or social values had priorities, an approach which is similar to that of Hofstede and Trandis, although not identical.

  11. 11.

    Central elements in the leftist materialist value orientation in Western Europe are discussed at length in Castles (1978), Esping-Andersen (1985) and Scharpe (1991).

  12. 12.

    The scree test is performed by examining a graph of the eigenvalues of the various factors, and stop factoring at a point where the eigenvalues begin to level off forming a straight line with an almost horizontal slope. This applies clearly in the main factor analysis after the five first eigenvalues.

  13. 13.

    In Knutsen (1995a) these two elements of religious beliefs and values were examined separately in relation to party choice. They showed very similar correlations regarding strength and location of parties.

  14. 14.

    Such child-rearing values were developed by Kohn (1977) who argues that they tap such a dimension fairly good.

  15. 15.

    All eight items in the index are also used by Flanagan and Aie-Rie (2003: 237–243) in their index for libertarian/authoritarian values. Flanagan and Lee also use several other items. Their data source is WVS 2 from 1990 and they find that the items load on a single factor with the expected signs for the libertarian and authoritarian items in all 12 countries which are included in their study.

  16. 16.

    Eta is always positive due to the fact that one of the variables is a nominal-level variable, in contrast to r.

  17. 17.

    The mean scores for the Nordic countries on the religious–secular index are 2.2 for those who do not belong to any religious denomination, 3.9 for those who belong to the Lutheran churches and 7.1 for those belonging to other denominations and religions.

  18. 18.

    The correlation is nearly at the same level in the Southern region (0.209 versus 0.221 in the Central West).

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  1. Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Oddbjørn Knutsen

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Appendix Tables

Appendix Tables

Appendix Table 3.1 Religion denomination. Distributions according to countries
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Appendix Table 3.2 Urban–rural residence. Distributions and means according to countries and regions
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Appendix Table 3.3 Education level. Distributions according to countries and regions
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Appendix Table 3.4 Erikson and Goldthorpe classes. Distributions according to countries and regional means
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Appendix Table 3.5 Value orientations and countries. Means
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Appendix Table 3.6 Average correlations between value orientations and socio-structural variables, ranked according to the strength of the correlations
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Appendix Table 3.7 Explanatory power (R 2) from regression analyses of various models of socio-structural variables on value orientations
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Knutsen, O. (2018). Socio-structural Variables and Value Orientations. In: Social Structure, Value Orientations and Party Choice in Western Europe. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52123-7_3

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