Abstract
The future of the urban forest is a relevant issue to ponder. Much speculation was generated at the close of the twentieth century concerning how cities and urban life would evolve over the next 100 years. Changes in world economics, communication, international politics, migration, and lifestyles in the 1990s suggest that the twenty-first century will be as different from the twentieth century as the twentieth century was from the nineteenth century. How these changes will effect the world’s urban forests are difficult to predict, but an examination of recent trends in the characteristics of the urban forest, management of urban trees, current research, and the evolving nature of cities allows for some fertile speculation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsLiterature Cited
AHBELAB (2016) L.A.’s million trees… maybe a little less. https://ahbelab.com/2016/03/03/l-as-million-trees-maybe-a-little-less/
Brittin R (2003) New study reveals dramatic national tree loss. http://www.americanforests.org/news/print.php?id=120
Campanella TJ (2003) Republic of shade: New England and the American elm. Yale University Press, New Haven
Cheng S, McBride JR (2006) Restoration of the urban forests of Tokyo and Hiroshima following World War II. Urban For Urban Green 5:155–168
Cheng S, McBride JR, Fukunari K (2000) The urban forest of Tokyo. Arboricult J 23:379–392
Cutler P (1985) The public landscape of the new deal. Yale University Press, New Haven
Davis MG, Zabinski C (1992) Changes in geographic range resulting from greenhouse warming: effects on biodiversity in forests. In: Peters R, Lovejoy T (eds) Global warming and biodiversity. Yale University Press, New Haven
Dreistadt S (1994) Pests of landscape trees and shrubs, Publ. No. 3359. University of California Division of Agriculture and natural resources, Oakland
Duryea ML, Kampf E, Littell RC (2007a) Hurricanes and the urban forest: I. Effects on Southeastern U.S. coastal plain tree species. Arboricult Urban For 33(2):83–97
Duryea ML, Kampf E, Littell RC, Rodríguez-Pedraza CD (2007b) Hurricanes and the urban forest: II. Effects on tropical and subtropical tree species. Arboric Urban For 33(2):98–112
Felt EP (1939) Hurricane damage to shade trees. Am For 45(1):20
Garreau J (1991) Edge city. Anchor Books, New York
Gobster PH (1994) The urban savanna. Restoration Manag Notes 12(1):64–71
Greenery Research Laboratory (1981) Report on the technology of roadside greenery. Civil Engineering Research Institute, Tokyo
Holmes FW (1978) Dutch elm disease: perspectives after sixty years. Northeast Regional Research Publication, Cornwell University, Ithaca
Hood W (2002) The design for Lafayette Park, Oakland, CA. Personal Communication
Jacobs J (1961) The death and life of the great American cities. Random House, New York
Jacobs J (2004) Dark age ahead. Random House, New York
Jacobson AL (1989) Trees of Seattle. Sasquatch Books, Seattle
Jonnes J (2016) Urban forests: a natural history of trees and people in the American cityscape. Viking, New York
Kuchelmeister G, Braatz S (1993) Urban forestry revisited. Unasylva 44(173):3–12
Lacan I, McBride JR (2009) War and trees: the destruction and replanting of the urban and peri-urban forests of Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Urban For Urban Green 8:315–323
Lipkis A, Lipkis K (1990) The simple act of planting a tree. J.P. Tarcher, Los Angeles
McBride JR, Lacan I (2017) The impact of climate change of street trees in California. Urban For Urban Green (in press)
McPherson EG (1992) Accounting for benefits and costs of urban greenspace. Landsc Urban Plan 22(1):41–51
McPherson EG (1994) Modeling benefits and costs of tree planting and care in Chicago. In: McPherson EG et al (eds) Chicago’s urban forest ecosystem: results of the Chicago urban forest climate project, General technical report NE-186. USDA Forest Service. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, pp 3–18
McPherson EG et al (1999) Benefits and costs of Modesto’s municipal urban forest. J Arboric 25(5):235–248
Minnesota SafeTree Program (2002) www.safetree.net
Nelson GL (2003) Florida’s best native landscape plants. University of Florida Press, Gainesville
Orwell G (1949) Nineteen-eighty-four: a novel. Signet Classic, New York
Owens PE (2002) No teens allowed: the exclusion of adolescents from public spaces. Landsc J 21(1):156–163
Perry B (1989) Trees and shrubs for dry California landscapes. Land Design Publishing, Claremont
Pickett STA (1989) Space-for-time Substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. In: Likens GE (ed) Long-term studies in ecology. Springer, New York
Ridington WR (1935) The Minoan-Mycenaean background of Greek athletics. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Rogers DJ, Rogers C (1991) Woody ornamentals for deep south gardens. University of West Florida Press, Pensacola
Schmid JA (1975) Urban vegetation: a review and Chicago case study, Research paper No. 101. Department of Geography, University of Chicago, Chicago
Schneider SH (1993) Scenarios of global warming. In: Karieva PM et al (eds) Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, pp 9–23
Stilgenbauer J, McBride JR (2010) Reconstruction of urban forests in Hamburg and Dresden after World War II. Landsc J 29(2):144–161
Tidwell J (2001) The twenty-five worst cities to live in due to pollen allergies. About Newsletter. http://allergies.about.com
Trees for Life (2004) http://www.treesforlife.org
UNDP (1998) Human development report 1998. United Nations Development Program. Oxford University Press, Oxford
USDA (2002) Pest Alert –Emerald Ash Borer (August 2002). http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/pest_al/eab/eab.htm
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (1946) The effects of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, U.S. strategic bombing survey. Pacific War Report No. 3. U.S. Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC
Watkins JV, Sheehan TJ (1975) Florida landscape plants. Rev edn. University Press of Florida, Gainesville
Yang J et al (2005) The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban For Urban Green 3:65–78
Yang J, Zhao L, McBride JR, Gong P (2009) Can you see green? Assessing the visibility of urban forests in cities. Landsc Urban Plan 91(2):97–104
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McBride, J.R. (2017). The Future of the Urban Forest. In: The World’s Urban Forests. Future City, vol 8. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52108-4_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52108-4_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-52107-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-52108-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)