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Electromechanical Feedback Mechanisms and Power Transfer in the Mammalian Cochlea

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Understanding the Cochlea

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 62))

Abstract

The basis of the extraordinary sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the mammalian cochlea is an electromechanical feedback system that amplifies the deflection of the hair cell stereocilia. Electromechanical force is generated by the soma of the outer hair cell and acts against viscous forces. These forces are expected to be particularly large in the narrow subtectorial space between the reticular lamina and the overlying tectorial membrane. Fundamental aspects of this amplifying process are not fully understood. Three main questions are addressed in this chapter. First, given capacitive and inertial characteristics of cellular and acellular cochlear components, how is the electromechanical force coupled to the stereocilia locally, radially, and longitudinally, with correct phase to produce gain rather than attenuation? Second, how is temporal fidelity achieved in the presence of high gain? Third, what is the evidence for power amplification rather than just amplitude amplification? This chapter presents modern experimental approaches that are addressing these issues. Presented in a conceptual framework of experiment and theory, three approaches are highlighted: (1) combined pressure and voltage measurements near the organ of Corti, (2) vibration measurements at the reticular lamina and tectorial membrane, and (3) mechanical and electrokinetic properties of the tectorial membrane. The experimental evidence supports the thesis that average power gain in the region of maximum amplitude response and coupling through the tectorial membrane are both crucial for shaping the frequency response of the cochlear amplifier and, therefore, of stereocilia deflection.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    By definition, a linear system is one that satisfies the following property. Denoting time by t, if \(r_{1} \left( t \right)\) is the response to stimulus \(s_{1} \left( t \right)\) and \(r_{2} \left( t \right)\) is the response to stimulus s 2(t), then \(r_{1} \left( t \right) + r_{2} \left( t \right)\) is the response to s 1(t) + s 2(t) irrespective of the choice of s 1(t) and s 2(t). A natural consequence of this definition is that both the amplitude and the phase responses of a linear system are independent of stimulus amplitude.

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Anthony W. Gummer declares that he has no conflict of interest. Wei Dong declares that she has no conflict of interest. Roozbeh Ghaffari declares that he has no conflict of interest. Dennis M. Freeman declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Anthony W. Gummer

  2. Research Service, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, 92357, USA

    Wei Dong

  3. Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA

    Wei Dong

  4. Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

    Roozbeh Ghaffari & Dennis M. Freeman

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  1. Anthony W. Gummer
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Correspondence to Anthony W. Gummer .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cochlear and Auditory Brainstem Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Research Centre Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

    Geoffrey A. Manley

  2. Section of Physiological Acoustics and Communication, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Anthony W. Gummer

  3. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  4. Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Gummer, A.W., Dong, W., Ghaffari, R., Freeman, D.M. (2017). Electromechanical Feedback Mechanisms and Power Transfer in the Mammalian Cochlea. In: Manley, G., Gummer, A., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Understanding the Cochlea. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 62. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52073-5_6

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