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Application of the Concept of Necessity to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Prevent Large-Scale Refugee Outflows

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Safe Zone

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Abstract

Hugo Grotius, considered the ‘father of international law,’ noted in the seventeenth century that the right to self-preservation existed in many States’ internal law and would also be equally applicable to inter-State relations. This appears to be the first doctrine of necessity in the literature. Since there is no general conventional provision to anchor the rule, doubts have been expressed as to whether necessity constitutes a grounds for precluding wrongfulness concerning any act that is inconsistent with an international obligation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hugo Grotious, De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres Bk. II, Ch. I, Para. XII, Cl. 3 (1901, tr A.C. Campbell) cited in Roman Boed, ‘State of Necessity as a Justification for Internationally Wrongful Conduct’, 3 Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal 1 (2000), at 4.

  2. 2.

    Rainbow Warrior (New Zealand v France) 20 RIAA 215 (1990), at 254.

  3. 3.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7.

  4. 4.

    Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2004, 136.

  5. 5.

    CMS Gas Transmission Company v Argentine Republic, 14 ICSID Reports 152 (2005).

  6. 6.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), (1997) ICJ Reports 7, paras 50–51.

  7. 7.

    Idem, para 51.

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    Roberto Ago, ‘Addendum to the eighth report on State responsibility’ II (1) ILC Yearbook 13 (1980), paras 22 and 26 (pointing to the cases of Russian Indemnity and French Company of Venezuela Railroads).

  10. 10.

    Forests of Central Rhodope (Greece v. Bulgaria), 3 UNRIAA 1405 (1933).

  11. 11.

    Properties of the Bulgarian Minorities in Greece, II(2) ILC Yearbook 34 (1980).

  12. 12.

    Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco (France v US), ICJ Reports 1952, 176.

  13. 13.

    ILC Report on the Work of its Thirty-Second Session, II(2) ILC Yearbook (1980), para. 15.

  14. 14.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para 53.

  15. 15.

    Roberto Ago, supra note 9, para. 2.

  16. 16.

    Sarah Heathcote, ‘Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness in the ILC Articles on State Responsibility: Necessity’, in: J. Crawford, A. Pellet and S. Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibility (New York: OUP, 2010) 491, at 497.

  17. 17.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 15.

  18. 18.

    Augustine Mahiga, ‘A Change of Direction for Tanzania’, 110 Refugees Magazine 14 (1997), at 14.

  19. 19.

    Roman Boed, supra note 1, at 26.

  20. 20.

    Gil Loescher, ‘Refugees as Grounds for International Action’, in: E. Newman and J. van Selm (eds) Refugee and forced displacement: International security, human vulnerability, and the state (Tokyo: UNU Press, 2003) 31, at 33.

  21. 21.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 14.

  22. 22.

    Myron Weiner, ‘Security, Stability, and International Migration’, 17(3) International Security 91 (1992–3), at 95.

  23. 23.

    Some States, such as the US, ignore the link between PKK and PYD/YPG and do not recognize PYD/YPG as a terror group for pragmatic reasons in the fight against the DAESH terrorist group. However, the strong link between PYD/YPG and PKK is one of the most well known facts over Syria. See, inter alia, ‘Terrorist PKK, PYD are ‘exactly same thing,’ says Barzani’, TRTWORLD, 23 March 2016, available at: http://www.trtworld.com/mea/terrorist-pkk-pyd-are-exactly-same-thing-says-barzani-73972 [accessed: 12 July 2016].

  24. 24.

    See, Kılıç Bugra Kanat, ‘DAESH and PKK attack Turkey again’, Daily Sabah, 21 August 2016, available at: http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/kilic-bugra-kanat/2016/08/21/daesh-and-pkk-attack-turkey-again [accessed: 21 August 2016].

  25. 25.

    Mehmet Cetingulec, ‘How long can Turkey afford growing refugee bill?’, Al Monitor, 26 April 2016, available at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/05/turkey-syria-growing-refugee-bill.html [accessed: 12 July 2016].

  26. 26.

    See, inter alia, Oytun Orhan and Sabiha Senyücel Gundogar, Effects of the Syrian Refugees on Turkey, January 2015, ORSAM Report No: 195, available at: http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Raporlar/rapor195/195eng.pdf [accessed: 12 July 2016].

  27. 27.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para 52; ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 15.

  28. 28.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para 54.

  29. 29.

    Sarah Heathcote, supra note 16, at 497.

  30. 30.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para 51; ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 16.

  31. 31.

    Roberto Ago, supra note 9, para 13.

  32. 32.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 15.

  33. 33.

    The World Bank Group, Overview per country, available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL [accessed: 4 September 2016].

  34. 34.

    See, inter alia, Myron Weiner, supra note 22, at 97.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 150, Art 33(1).

  37. 37.

    Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 113, Art 3(1).

  38. 38.

    OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, 10 September 1969, 1001 U.N.T.S. 46, Art II(3).

  39. 39.

    Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law (2nd edn, New York: Clarendon Press, 1996) at 196.

  40. 40.

    David A. Martin ‘Refugees and Migration’, in: O. Schachter and. C. C. Joyner (eds) 1 United Nations Legal Order (CUP, 1995) 391, at 411.

  41. 41.

    See, inter alia, Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, supra note 39, at 196.

  42. 42.

    Jerzy Sztucki, ‘The Conclusions on the International Protection of Refugees adopted by the Executive Committee of the UNHCR Programme’, 1(3) International Journal of Refugee Law 285 (1989), at 300.

  43. 43.

    Roman Boed, supra note 1, at 23.

  44. 44.

    B. S. Chimni, ‘The Incarceration of Victims: Deconstructing Safety Zones’, in: N. Al-Nauimi and R. Meese (eds), International Legal Issues Arising Under the United Nations Decade of International Law (The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995) 823, at 852.

  45. 45.

    See, SC Resolutions 819 of 16 April 1993, 824 of 6 May 1993, 836 of 4 June 1993, 844 of 18 June 1993, 859 of 24 August 1993.

  46. 46.

    Myron Weiner and Münz Rainer, ‘Migrants, refugees and foreign policy: prevention and intervention strategies’, 18(1) Third World Quarterly 25 (1997), at 39.

  47. 47.

    See, SC Resolutions 918 of 17 May 1994, 925 of 8 June 1994, 929 of 22 June 1994.

  48. 48.

    B. S. Chimni, supra note 44, at 851.

  49. 49.

    Kofi A. Annan, Preventing war and disaster: a growing global challenge—Annual Report on the Work of the Organization, (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1999), at 21.

  50. 50.

    Myron Weiner and Münz Rainer, supra note 46, at 37.

  51. 51.

    Myron Weiner, supra note 22, at 124.

  52. 52.

    Humeyra Pamuk and Seda Sezer, ‘At G20 meeting, Turkey pushes plan for “safe zone” in Syria’, Reuters, 5 September 2016, available at: http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-turkey-syria-idINKCN11B1FF [accessed: 9 September 2016].

  53. 53.

    Euan McKirdy, Jason Hanna and Isil Sariyuce, ‘Turkey sends tanks into Syria against ISIS; rebels reportedly capture town’ CNN, 24 August 2016, available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/24/middleeast/turkish-troops-isis-syria-operation/index.html [accessed: 4 September 2016].

  54. 54.

    Diyar Guldogan, ‘Syrian operation is to clear Daesh, says Turkish FM’ Anadolu Agency, 24 August 2016, available at: http://aa.com.tr/en/politics/syrian-operation-is-to-clear-daesh-says-turkish-fm-/634440 [accessed: 5 September 2016].

  55. 55.

    Mark Lowen, ‘Syria conflict: Life returns to Jarablus after IS flees’ BBC News, 13 September 2016, available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37350970 [accessed: 14 September 2016].

  56. 56.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 17.

  57. 57.

    ‘Turkish army in Syria in response to continuous terrorist attacks, President Erdogan says’ Daily Sabah, 24 August 2016, available at: http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/08/24/turkish-army-in-syria-in-response-to-continuous-terrorist-attacks-president-erdogan-says [accessed: 4 September 2016].

  58. 58.

    Gil Loescher, supra note 20, at 32; Myron Weiner, supra note 22, at 125.

  59. 59.

    Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), ICJ Reports 1997, 7, para 57.

  60. 60.

    Idem, para 52.

  61. 61.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 20.

  62. 62.

    UNHRC, 1st Report of the IICISAR, (2011) A/HRC/S-17/2/Add.1.

  63. 63.

    UNHRC, 3rd Report of the IICISAR, (2012) A/HRC/21/50.

  64. 64.

    UNHRC, 10th Report of the IICISAR, (2015) A/HRC/30/48.

  65. 65.

    Tim Arango, Anne Barnard and Ceylan Yeginsu, ‘Turkish-backed rebels drive IS from Syrian town Jarablus’ The Globe and Mail Online, 24 August 2016, available at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/turkey-starts-targeted-operations-against-islamic-state-syrian-fighters/article31528917/ [accessed 4 September 2016].

  66. 66.

    International Law Association (ILA), Draft Report on Aggression and the Use of Force (Johannesburg Conference, May 2016), at 2.

  67. 67.

    Albrecht Randelzhofer and Oliver Dörr, ‘Article 2(4)’, in: B. Simma et al. (eds), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary Vol. I (2nd edn, OUP, 2012) 200, at 231; Charles Leben, ‘Obligations Relating to The Use of Force and Arising From Peremptory Norms of International Law’, in: J. Crawford, A. Pellet and S. Olleson (eds), The Law of International Responsibility (New York: OUP, 2010) 1177, at 1202.

  68. 68.

    Theodore Christakis, ‘Intervention and Self-help’, in: K. Bannelier, T. Christakis and S. Heathcote (eds), The ICJ and the Evolution of International Law: the Enduring Impact of the “Corfu Channel” Case (London: Routledge, 2012) 211, at 212.

  69. 69.

    ILC Report, supra note 13, at 43 para 23.

  70. 70.

    Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v Belgium), Oral Pleading of Mr. Ergec for Belgium, 10 May 1999, CR 99/15, at 7.

  71. 71.

    Statement of the United Kingdom permanent representative to the Security Council, S/PV3988, 24 March 1999, at 12.

  72. 72.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para 21.

  73. 73.

    J. J. A. Salmon, ‘Faut-il codifier l’état de nécessité en droit international’, in J. Makarczyk (ed), Essays in Honour of Judge Manfred Lachs (Martinus Nijhoff, 1984) 235, at 243, cited in Sarah Heathcote, supra note 16, at 492.

  74. 74.

    Sarah Heathcote, supra note 16, at 492.

  75. 75.

    Louise Arimatsu, ‘The Law of State Responsibility in Relation to Border Crossings: An Ignored Legal Paradigm’, 89 International Law Studies 21 (2013), at 41.

  76. 76.

    Vaughan Lowe, ‘Precluding Wrongfulness or Responsibility: A Plea for Excuses’, 10 European Journal of International Law 405 (1999), at 411.

  77. 77.

    European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, Turkey: Refugee Crisis, September 2016, at 1, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/turkey_syrian_crisis_en.pdf [accessed: 9 September 2016].

  78. 78.

    ARSIWA Commentary, Art 25, para. 15.

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    Lokman B. Çetinkaya

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Çetinkaya, L.B. (2017). Application of the Concept of Necessity to Justify the Establishment of Safe Zones to Prevent Large-Scale Refugee Outflows. In: Safe Zone. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51997-5_3

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