Abstract
The Philippines have been in recent years a minor destination of international tourism flows, especially from Europe. Most visitors are Asians (Korea, Japan), Americans or Australians. This chapter examines some strengths of the Philippines in terms of tourism potentials (landscapes, undersea diving, cultural heritage), then its organizational and infrastructural weaknesses (transportation), as well as the lack of proper maintenance of tourism assets and the overcrowding of Boracay island, before examining the tourism policies of the national government (the successful “Its more fun in the Philippines” campaign, development of gambling, medical tourism and ecotourism). Four case studies in Bohol (diving and ecotourism), Laguna province (perimetropolitan resorts at a short distance from Manila), Batanes islands (non-tropical landscapes of a remote archipelago) and the rice terraces of Ifugao country in northern Luzon illustrate the diversity of tourism options in the Philippines around the dominant concept of sustainable tourism.
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Notes
- 1.
The tourism industry is adapting to this dominant influx of Asian visitors by emphasizing training in the Korean, Japanese and Chinese languages, in addition to English which is widely spoken all around the country (Andrade 2015).
- 2.
As in Thailand and Cambodia , sex tourism in the Philippines has evolved in successive stages. After indigenous prostitution, when women were subjected to concubinage within the patriarchal nature of most Asian societies, economic colonialism and militarization formalized prostitution as a mechanism of dominance meeting the sexual demands of occupation forces (primarily American and Japanese in the Philippines). International tourists later replaced occupation forces, and prostitution/sex tourism became a tool for obtaining foreign currency in a context of rapid economic development where sex workers, male or female, can be seen as a commodity, while the poor find a quick way to much-needed money by selling their bodies. A disturbing trend is the rise in child sex tourism, starting with webcam specializing in “kid porn” and sometimes leading to physical encounters between pedophiles and their victims (Mercene 2015).
- 3.
A typical one day tour in Bohol from Cebu (90 min trip in fast catamaran) includes a lunch buffet cruise on the Loboc River, followed by a visit of the Chocolate Hills, of the Bohol Butterfly Habitat Conservation Center and the tarsier sanctuary, ending with a visit of the Baclayon church near the port city of Tagbilaran .
- 4.
Held every January, Sinulog—one of the grandest festivals in the Philippines—aims to connect the country’s rich pagan history with its Christian traditions. The first Santo Niño was a baptismal gift by Ferdinand Magellan , while The Sinulog dance is said to originate from the court of Rajah Humabon (Sala-Boza 2008).
- 5.
Mexico and the Philippines have teamed up to support the transnational nomination of the historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade route to the World Heritage List.
- 6.
There are different interpretations about this name: it may be derived from the lush Bigaa tuber, a species of the taro family, or it may a deformation of the Minnan dialect’s “bee gan” (beautiful shore), a description given by Chinese sailors, while some Spanish texts of the time describe a Vigan river (now called the Mestizo river), which reflects the mixing of Filiinos and Chinese populations.
- 7.
Other cities selected by popular online survey were Beirut, Doha, Durban, Havana, Kuala Lumpur and La Paz. The high popularity of online social networks among Filipinos (https://www.facebook.com/ViganForNew7WondersCitiesOfTheWorld), was one of the main factors of Vigan ’s selection (http://ph-gov.blogspot.com/2014/09/vote-vigan-as-one-of-new7wonders-cities.html).
- 8.
Tago Nang Tago, “in perpetual hiding”, is the popular Filipino expression for undocumented, illegal migrants.
- 9.
- 10.
There are also a number of surfing spots on the Philippine coastlines (see map).
- 11.
Jueteng is an illegal numbers game originated from China . The Spanish colonial authorities had introduced it in the Philippines in the 1800s as a franchise of the governor-general in Manila.
- 12.
The World Tourism Organization defines Medical tourism as “Tourism associated with travel to health spas or resort destinations where the primary purpose is to improve the traveler’s physical well being through a regimen of physical exercise and therapy, dietary control, and medical services relevant to health maintenance.”
- 13.
The term “Hilot” or “Albolaryo” also refers to a traditional healer. These tagalog words have equivalents in other Philippine tongues : “Aplos” in Bontoc region, “Unar” in the Kalinga , Apayao region, “Aptus” in the Ibatan region, “Ilot” or “Ilut” in the Ibanag, Isneg, Ilocano, Itawis, Zambales and Pampanga regions. “Ablon” in the Northern Ilocano region, “Kemkem” in Pangasinan , “Elot” in the Ilonggo region, “Agud” or “Agod” in the Mindanao and Maranao areas, and “Hagod” in the Bukidnon region of central Mindanao.
- 14.
Aside from hilot, seven other massage therapies were included: “dinalisay” (decoctions of a mixture of indigenous medicinal herbs), “kisig” galing (biomagnetic energy healing), “unang lana” (virgin coconut oil), “tapik kawayan” (tapping of thin bamboo sticks to affected parts for circulation and releasing of energy blocks), “paligo” (that rinsing bath filled with leaves and flowers believed to have healing properties), “oslob” (steam inhalation from infusions of air-dried aromatic medicinal herbs) and “dagdagay” (traditional foot massage) (Corporal 2005).
- 15.
The best known surfing spots are in Baler (Aurora ), Bagasbas Beach (Camarines Norte ), San Juan (La Union ) and Siargao (Surigao del Norte).
- 16.
Similar conflicts between farming activities and the development of scenic areas for tourism have occurred in other parts of the country, such as Nasugbu (Batnagas) (Dizon 2015).
- 17.
The pre-Spanish name of the city was Mainit, which means “hot” in tagalog.
- 18.
According to 2011 data from the Philippine Department of Tourism, 2,9 million visitors stayed overnight in Laguna , more than in Greater Manila (2,8 M), Camarines Sur (2,5M), Cebu (1,9M), Cavite (1,8M), Zambales (1,1M) or Boracay (900.000), Davao (744.000) or Baguio (552.000).
- 19.
The mayor of Sabtang Island, obviously aware of the logistical and environment problems faced by Boracay , wants to contain the number of visitors in the island.
- 20.
Farm tools and other equipment were turned over by the SM Prime Holdings team to the local government of Ifugao province, while Toshiba Electronics adopted portions of the Batad rice terraces and donated funds and farming equipment to improve yields of “tinawon” and sustain native rice production as the major source of income of tribal communities.
- 21.
This is a unique funerary custom of the Isagada/Kankanaey people, one of the Igorot mountain tribes, in which the dead are buried in coffins which are tied or nailed to the side of cliffs. This type of burial is reserved for the most distinguished or honorable leaders in the community, particularly the most prominent figure in the dap-ay (a dwelling build especially for unmarried boys). During their lifetime, such personages would have performed meritorious acts, decided wisely on matters at hand, and took charge of indigenous rituals. The coffins are carved by the elderly before they die. If they are too weak or ill to do so, a son or a relative would do it for them. The hanging coffins of Sagada may seem awkwardly placed, but the practice protects the dead from floods and animals, and for ancient Igorots, this tradition allowed their loved ones to get closer to heaven. Similar practices have now been abandoned in Indonesia and China .
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Boquet, Y. (2017). It’s More Fun in the Philippines? The Challenges of Tourism. In: The Philippine Archipelago. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_21
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