Abstract
Linking the islands of the archipelago was traditionally done by boat. Today, ships are still used by millions of people to cross straits between the major islands, since there are no bridges except from Leyte to Samar. Cebu lies at the center of the ferries network, while small bangkas bring people to remote islets or through river mouths and harbors. The implementation of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway aims at speeding up and smoothing transfers from island to island. The port of Manila, a small player in the dynamic West Pacific rim, may be relieved from congestion with the rise of Batangas and Subic. Aviation, centered at the saturated Manila airport, has grown quickly since deregulation pitted new entrants (Cebu Pacific) against the well-established Philippine Airlines. A good part of intercity travel is done with buses, since the country has almost no rail transport today. At the local level, mobility is done with quintessential Philippine vehicles: the jeepney (sometimes transformed in a masterpiece of pop art), the trisikel, the pedicab or the skates. Today, efforts are underway to transform the system by introducing clean electric vehicles and reforming the rules of for-hire transportation, despite strong oppositions.
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Notes
- 1.
Not less than 169 ports in the province of Surigao del Norte, Mindanao.
- 2.
- 3.
SOURCE Le Marin.
- 4.
Also in Indonesia , with only one major bridge linking East Java and Madura island.
- 5.
Sinking of the “Princess of the Stars” in June 2008 off Romblon island in the midst of typhoon Fengshen/Frank: 802 dead.
- 6.
“Lawmaker wants Port of Manila decongested”, Daily Tribune, July 6, 2014.
- 7.
The airline was nationalized in 1941, privatized in 1965 and re-nationalized by F. Marcos in 1976.
- 8.
One-airline policy was also followed by deregulation in other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand (Bowen & Leinbach 1995).
- 9.
A long-time supporter of F. Marcos , L. Tan made his fortune in banking, liquor, tobacco and real estate industries. According to Forbes magazine, he is currently the second richest man in the Philippines. In 2012 the airline control passed into the hands of another tycoon, Mr. Ong, chairman of San Miguel group, famous for its breweries, before reverting back to Mr. Tan in 2014 (Balea 2014).
- 10.
Cebu Pacific, with its planned expansion to distant markets, is now purchasing A 330 s in addition to A 320 s and 321 s, in a marked break with the usual organization of low-cost carriers.
- 11.
As for the inland city of Baguio , a major tourism center, the difficult approach to its tiny airport makes it unsuitable for the Airbus 320 jets used by airlines, so this airport has a traffic limited to small turboprops with little passenger capacity.
- 12.
Such as the 2015 “tanim bala” scandal, when a number of travelers, Filipinos and foreigners, were accused of carrying bullets in their bags, bullets planted during the routine safety inspections. Victims of the scam were asked to provide big sums of cash to proceed forward if they wanted to avoid detention by the airport police (Logarta 2015).
- 13.
It was part of a “Manila syndicate”, a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, the Manila Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company, joined later by the Philippines Railways Construction Company. Leading American railwaymen such as Cornelius Vanderbilt sat on its board.
- 14.
This railroad operated from 1907 to 1985 (passengers) and 1989 (freight). Since the end of rail service on Panay , the company, now named Panay Railways, still exists and had from time to time suggested it would restart operations, possibly with a connection spur to Iloilo Airport and an extension from Roxas City to Caticlan , where it would connect with ferries serving the resort island of Boracay . The Philippine national government, however, considers such a revival would not be economically viable.
- 15.
The Philippine National Railways suffers from chronic operating deficit and has largely depended on government subsidies for its operations.
- 16.
In Brasilia , Brazil , a huge bus station serves the needs of poor people going to/from Southeast or Northeast Brazil from/to the pioneer fronts areas of Amazonia and Mato Grosso. However, bus transport is quite often marked by many insufficiencies.
- 17.
A Philtranco bus route crosses the 900-plus mile distance between Manila and Davao with two ferry crossings in between. The trip takes 48 h to finish.
- 18.
The word “jeepney” was derived from a combination of the words, “Jeep” and “Jitney.” Jeep is a portmanteau of “General Purpose” or “Gee P”.
- 19.
It has few equivalents anywhere in the world. If paratransit service is quite common, the elements that make the jeepney a truly Filipino transport vehicles are hard to replicate, even if the “colectivos” of southern South America (Argentina , Chile , Paraguay, Uruguay) had some resemblance, as well as the “chivas” or “escaleras” of rural Colombia and Ecuador and the Haitian “tap-taps”, but without the central role played by Philippine jeepneys.
- 20.
A movement towards a return to small-size jeepneys has been initiated in Baguio , with the introduction of the “jeepito” resembling an early Jeep, but with the colorful decorations associated with traditional jeepneys. It is to be used to ferry tourists (Comanda 2015).
- 21.
There are regional variations in jeepneys. In the Visayas (Bacolod , Cebu …), the classic jeepney is running alongside “multicabs’ where the vehicle’s inside is arranged like the jeepney but in Cebu the outside “flat-nosed” body resembles more a Suzuki or Toyota minivan, as in Indonesia ’s mikrolets. In Iloilo the “passad” jeepney has a much lower profile and in Davao the “uso-uso” has still another style of body frame.
- 22.
“Burning grass”. Being enthusiastic at the beginning but quickly failing to pursue a certain goal if the result is not immediate.
- 23.
However, the Department of Tourism plans to use about 50 repainted jeepneys as ambassadors of Philippine culture. A “Jeepney Arts Festival” was organized in a luxury hotel of Makati to launch the program, which is part of the “it’s more fun in the Philippines” campaign (Santos 2012).
- 24.
A joint-venture between US-based Pangea Motors (Vancouver, WA, a suburb of Portland, OR) and local investors.
- 25.
“Tingi” refers to a product or a service bought in very small quantity because the person does not have money to buy in greater quantity.
- 26.
“Pedicab” is a mixture of the words “pedal” (how the bike is powered), and “cab” (the sidecar that ferries people). It is also called “padyak” or “sikad-sikad”, meaning ‘to pedal’ in Tagalog and Bisaya. Another names are “traysikad” in Bisaya language, referring to the number of its wheels, and “put-put”.
- 27.
In 2012, there were over 650,000 for-hire tricycles and motorcycles operating in the Philippines, accounting for two thirds of all for-hire vehicles (970,000). Source: Philippines Statistics Authority (http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_trans.asp). Statistics do not differentiate between regular motorcycles and tricycles.
- 28.
Not to be confused with the rural kuliglig (see 14.5.3.).
- 29.
- 30.
The extended benches perpendicular to the motorbike evoke the solar panels of spacecrafts.
- 31.
VOCs are a large group of compounds that include benzene, a known carcinogen, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which destroy the ozone layer. The group also includes carbon dioxide, which significantly contributes to the greenhouse effect, and carbon monoxide, a toxic gas.
- 32.
“Cricket”, referring to its noisy engine and its elongated shape. In some areas, they are named “kubota” from the name of the Japanese company providing engines to farmers.
- 33.
Allowing local politicians to prominently display their role as builders through many billboards extolling their activity!
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Boquet, Y. (2017). Transportation in the Philippines. In: The Philippine Archipelago. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_15
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