Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the relationship between the social context of residence and the color of the population to explain social inequalities arising from residential segregation in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ). We seek to contribute to the reflection on the issue of Brazilian “racial” inequalities described by other researchers. In more precise terms, our interest is to investigate whether a Black or a Brown individual holds an unequal social status in terms of opportunities and access to certain elements of social welfare regardless of his position in the social division of the MRRJ territory or, on the contrary, whether the social context formed by the residential segregation processes represents the filter through which opportunities and urban social welfare are distributed unevenly among groups of color.
This article was originally published in Portuguese in the book titled Olhares sobre a Metrópole do Rio de Janeiro—economia sociedade e território, published by Letra Capital Editora in Rio de Janeiro in 2010.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Brown people in Brazil are called Pardos, a term that has been used by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística/IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) since 1940 to comprise multiracial Brazilians.
- 3.
Baiano is the person born in the State of Bahia.
- 4.
Paraíba is a Brazilian state. As general terms and used pejoratively, both Baiano and Paraíba are applied to people from the Northeastern part of Brazil.
- 5.
Nordestino is a general term for people born in the Northeastern (Nordeste) part of Brazil, one of its poor regions.
- 6.
This territorial division was created by IBGE for disclosing the sample data and it follows statistical criteria. Each of these geographical units is “formed by a group of mutually exclusive census sectors created to implement procedures for estimate calibration using information known by the overall population” (IBGE 2002).
- 7.
This typology was built as follows: first, the domiciles were classified according to four levels of school climate: “up to 4 years of schooling”; “over 4 and up to 8 years of schooling”; “over 8 and up to 11 years of schooling”; and “over 11 years of schooling”. Then, we applied on this distribution a Binary Correspondence Factor Analysis (Fenelon 1981) from which we extracted two factors with the cut-off criterion value of 80% of the variance of the data explained by the factors. After saving the factorials loads obtained by this procedure, we conducted a Hierarchical Ascending Classification (ibid.), which resulted in three groupings with an intra-groups variance of 32.6% and an intergroup variance of 67.4%.
- 8.
Baixada Fluminense is located in the periphery of the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro and comprises eight municipalities: Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, São João de Meriti, Nilópolis, Belford Roxo, Queimados, Mesquita and Japeri. With a population around three million people, its urban and social problems show a strong inequality compared to Rio de Janeiro, the main city of the metropolis.
- 9.
Carioca as an adjective is related to the city of Rio de Janeiro; as a noun it relates to the person born in it.
- 10.
In Portuguese, slum is favela and slumdog is favelado, the individual that resides in a favela.
- 11.
We estimate that within a 3-km radius from the most elite neighborhood of the city of Rio de Janeiro nearly over 33% of the resident population lives in areas regarded as slums.
- 12.
This variable indicates that the domicile of the individual is located in a census sector that matches a “set (slums and the like) consisting of housing units (shacks, houses etc.), occupying, or having occupied until recently, land of foreign property (public or private) arranged generally in a disorderly and dense way, and needy mostly of essential public services” (IBGE 2002).
- 13.
We will define this concept later.
- 14.
Data processed by Itaboraí (2003, p. 179) indicate that 22.5% of teenage mothers in the 15–19 age range are socialized in rather poor environments as they live in domiciles with income up to two minimum wages (MW).
- 15.
It is important to consider the social contexts in the search for the sociological significance of the young individual who dropped out of school or work. As Saravi points out (2004), in Latin America zero status has been understood as a condition of vulnerability and risk since it stands for the possibility of decreased future opportunity of social welfare and of association with illicit activities.
- 16.
As we mentioned earlier, favelado is slumdog in English.
- 17.
Sansone (2003) explored the hypothesis that the behavior of the young people from the popular strata facing the institutions of society, especially the behavior of the so-called Blacks, is guided by the effects of status incongruity.
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de Queiroz Ribeiro, L.C., Corrêa, F.S. (2017). Segregation and “Racial” Inequalities. In: de Queiroz Ribeiro, L. (eds) Urban Transformations in Rio de Janeiro. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51899-2_11
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