“We do find this statement of intentions to be disquieting” The US-UK Diplomatic Campaign Against Pakistan, March 1978 to December 1978

Craig, Malcolm M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51880-0_5

“We do find this statement of intentions to be disquieting” The US-UK Diplomatic Campaign Against Pakistan, March 1978 to December 1978

Malcolm M. Craig⁴

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First Online: 04 June 2017

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Part of the book series: Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World ((SCCCW))

Abstract

This chapter examines the period from March to December 1978, and interrogates the formation of a strong US-UK alliance to prevent Pakistan acquiring a nuclear capability. While Pakistan was pursuing both reprocessing and enrichment in order to access fissile material, Washington and London engaged in coordinated diplomacy aimed at cutting off Islamabad’s access to vital supplies. The Carter administration achieved a measure of non-proliferation success by realising its aim of preventing Islamabad’s acquisition of a nuclear reprocessing plant. Just as the threat of a Pakistani bomb based on plutonium was receding, the covert enrichment project became the focus. Britain took the lead in attempting to marshal international opinion against Pakistan. Despite this, Callaghan’s government also impeded non-proliferation by pressing ahead with the commercially lucrative deal to sell Jaguar aircraft to India and through the approval of their own expanded reprocessing capability. Because of this the Carter administration was frustrated by British insistence on prioritising commercial interests over non-proliferation. This illustrates the level at which the British government was willing to subordinate non-proliferation to economic self-interest. The clandestine enrichment programme’s emergence as an international issue saw Callaghan’s government quite willing to accept relatively small economic burdens in order to enforce anti-proliferation policy. When it came to multibillion-pound enterprises, such as Jaguar and reprocessing, the economic turmoil of the 1970s forced London to deprioritise non-proliferation. The year 1978 also saw the foundations being laid for a major cultural component of debates on Pakistan’s nuclear aspirations, Bhutto and Zia’s remarks about the pan-Islamic nature of their atomic ambitions became a huge part of public discussions about Pakistan, the Middle East, and nuclear weapons.

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Notes

1.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, If I Am Assassinated, www.bhutto.org/books-english.php (accessed May 1, 2013), 151, originally published by Vikas Press, New Delhi, 1979. From 1972–77, Bhutto made no mention of any Islamic dimensions to Pakistan’s nuclear programme.
2.
Department of State (hereafter State) to United States Embassy (hereafter USE) London et al., ‘Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 1, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library (hereafter JCPL), Remote Archives Capture system (hereafter RAC) NLC 16-114-1-9-8, 3.
3.
The information on the ‘Islamic bomb’ issue in this book is in part derived from Malcolm M. Craig, ‘“Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World”?: The United States, Britain, Pakistan, and the “Islamic bomb”, 1977–80’, International History Review, 38:5 (2016), 857–879.
4.
Burdess to Wilmshurst, ‘Pakistani Reaction to Commons Windscale Vote’, April 6, 1978, The National Archives of the United Kingdom (hereafter TNA) Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (hereafter FCO) 37/2112.
5.
‘Callaghan Presses Zia to Tow Line’, The Guardian (hereafter TG), January 13, 1978, 7.
6.
State to USE Islamabad, Paris, and Tehran, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing Issue’, April 21, 1978, Digital National Security Archive (hereafter DNSA), NP01574.
7.
USE Paris to State, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing Issue’, April 21, 1978, DNSA, NP01575.
8.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing Issue’, April 25, 1978, DNSA, NP01576.
9.
‘Pakistani Chief Denies Political Ambition’, Washington Post (hereafter WP) May 1, 1978, A17.
10.
Burdess to Wilmshurst, ‘Pakistan: Reprocessing Plant’, May 15, 1978, TNA FCO96/822, 2.
11.
Ibid., 1.
12.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Pakistan, Iran, and Reprocessing’, May 18, 1978, DNSA, NP01589.
13.
State to USE Islamabad, ‘Reprocessing Issue’, May 30, 1978, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book (hereafter NSAEBB) ‘The United States and Pakistan’s Quest for the Bomb’ (hereafter USPQB), Doc.6, 1–2.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Vile to Cartledge, ‘Prime Minister’s Visit to Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, Annex A’, December 19, 1977, TNA Records of the Prime Minister’s Office (hereafter PREM) 16/1308, 1.
16.
Hunt to Cartledge, Confidential Memo, December 9, 1977, TNA PREM16/1308.
17.
‘Note of a Conversation Between the Prime Minister and Mr Morarji Desai’, January 7, 1978, TNA PREM16/1692, 2; ‘Record of a Meeting Between the Prime Minister and the Prime Minister of India’, January 7, 1978, TNA PREM16/1692, 4–5
18.
Alston to White, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing Plant’, July 3, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
19.
Ibid. The F-5 was a lightweight fighter, the offer of which the Pakistanis declined, still desiring the more capable A-7.
20.
Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 262; United Kingdom High Commission (hereafter UKHC) New Delhi to FCO, ‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant in Pakistan’, July 17, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
21.
‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant in Pakistan’, July 17, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
22.
United Kingdom Embassy (hereafter UKE) Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant’, July 17, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1.
23.
UKHC New Delhi to FCO, July 17, 1978, 1.
24.
Carter to Desai, Letter, August 14, 1978, JCPL, RAC NLC 128-3-2-9-5, 4.
25.
Christopher to Carter, Memorandum, October 3, 1978, JCPL, RAC NLC 7-20-8-1-3, 2.
26.
UKHC New Delhi to FCO, July 17, 2.
27.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘Your Telegram Number 654: Visit En Newsom’, July 19, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1; Dennis Kux, Disenchanted Allies: The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000 (Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001), 237.
28.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, July 19, 1978, 2.
29.
‘Record of Meeting of Foreign Ministers’, July 17, 1978, Thatcher MSS (Digital Collection, hereafter TMSS), www.margaretthatcher.org/document/111458 (accessed December 10, 2013), 4.
30.
Prendergast to Cartledge, ‘Mr Desai’s Visit: UK/Indian Agreements’, April 26, 1978. TNA PREM 16/1694, 2; Beswick to Callaghan, Letter, October 25, 1978, TNA Records of the Ministry of Defence (hereafter DEFE) 13/1318; ‘Britain wins big Delhi order for jet planes’, The Times (hereafter TT), October 7, 1978, 5.
31.
‘Brief for the Call by the Indian Finance Minister on the Prime Minister’, September 16/17, 1978, TNA PREM16/1556, 1.
32.
Callaghan to Desai, Letter, November 13, 1978, TNA PREM16/1556.
33.
Kapil Bhargava, ‘Quarter Century of the Jaguar in India’, www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Aircraft/Current/607-Jaguar-25.html (accessed December 10, 2013).
34.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Nuclear Reprocessing’, August 6, 1978, USPQB, Doc.11, 1.
35.
Ibid.
36.
Husain Haqqani, Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military (Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), 107–108.
37.
Munir Ahmad Khan, ‘Challenge and Response’, August 14, 1974, TNA FCO66/664, 1–2.
38.
Pervez Hoodbhoy, ‘Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the “Islamic Bomb”’, in Pervez Hoodbhoy (ed.), Confronting the Bomb: Pakistani and Indian Scientists Speak Out (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 152.
39.
‘Record of Meeting of Foreign Ministers’, July 17, 1978, 5.
40.
Ibid., 8.
41.
FCO to UKE Islamabad, ‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant’, July 20, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
42.
Burdess to Candlish, ‘Pakistan Public and Political Attitudes to reprocessing and “The Bomb”’, July 23, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1.
43.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant’, July 20, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1–2.
44.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘Pakistan’s Reprocessing Plant’, July 28, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
45.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Nuclear Reprocessing Plant’, July 20, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1–2.
46.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘Further Visit of Libyan Vice-President to Pakistan: 15-17 August’, August 17, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
47.
‘Libya’s Qadafi Seeks Nuclear Fuel Deal’, September 29, 1978, TNA FCO96/824.
48.
State to USE Islamabad, ‘Pak Ambassador’s Call on Undersecretary Newsom’, August 1, 1978, USPQB, Doc.8, 2.
49.
Ibid., 3.
50.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Pakistani Reprocessing Plant: USG Stipulation’, August 6, 1978, USPQB, Doc.10, 1.
51.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘Pakistan’s Reprocessing Plant’, August 9, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 1.
52.
Ibid., 2.
53.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Reprocessing Plant’, August 11, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 2; UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Reprocessing Plant’, July 31, 1978, TNA FCO96/823, 2; USE Paris to State, ‘Surfacing of French-Pakistan Reprocessing Issue’, August 25, 1978, DNSA, NP01605, 1–2.
54.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, August 11, 1978, 2.
55.
Ibid., 3.
56.
USE Paris to State, ‘Next Steps on Pakistan Reprocessing Issue’, September 1, 1978, NSAEBB ‘Non-papers and Demarches’ (hereafter NPAD) www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb352/index.htm (accessed November 10, 2012), Doc.1, 2–3; USE Islamabad to State, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing vs French Commercial Deals’, September 3, 1978, NPAD, Doc.2, 1.
57.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Reprocessing Plant’, August 20, 1978, USPQB, Doc.14, 2; USE Paris to State, ‘Surfacing of French-Pakistani Reprocessing Issue’, August 24, 1978, DNSA, NP01605, 1–2.
58.
‘Paris cancels nuclear deal with Pakistan’, TT, August 24, 1978, 3.
59.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Press and GOP Reactions to Reprocessing Deal Cancellation Surprisingly Mild’, August 30, 1978, DNSA, NP01607, 2.
60.
USE Paris to State, ‘French Views on Pakistan Reprocessing Plant’, August 25, 1978, USPQB, Doc.17; USE Islamabad to State, ‘Ambassador’s Talk with General Zia’, September 5, 1978, NPAD, Doc.3, 1.
61.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘French Reprocessing Plant’, August 24, 1978, TNA FCO96/823; Smith to Murray, ‘French Nuclear Deal with Pakistan’, August 25, 1978, TNA FCO37/2112, 1.
62.
Burdess to Candlish, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Affairs: Visit by Mr Justice Fox’, August 20, 1978, TNA FCO37/2112.
63.
Jeffery T. Richelson, Spying on the Bomb: American nuclear intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), 329.
64.
State to USE Paris, ‘Next Steps on Pakistan Reprocessing Deal’, September 7, 1978, NPAD, Doc.4A, 2.
65.
USE Vienna to State, ‘Smith-Jacomet Meeting: French Position on Cancellation of Pakistan Reprocessing Plant Contract’, September 13, 1978, NPAD Doc.4B, 3.
66.
Ibid.
67.
State to USE Vienna, ‘Congressional Consultations on Pakistan’, September 15, 1978, NPAD, Doc.5, 3.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Ibid., 3–4.
70.
Ibid., 4–5.
71.
State to USE Paris, ‘French Export of Centrifuges for Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, September 19, 1978, NPAD, Doc.6, 1–2. These were not the same type of centrifuge that the Pakistanis were attempting to build.
72.
USE Paris to State, ‘Update on French-Pakistani Reprocessing Situation’, September 21, 1978, NPAD, Doc.7, 1.
73.
USE Paris to State, ‘Élysée Views on Reprocessing Issues’, September 23, 1978, NPAD, Doc.8, 1–2.
74.
Burdess to Candlish, ‘Pakistan’s Reprocessing Plant: Self Sufficiency or Chinese Help?’, September 24, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113, 1.
75.
State to USE Islamabad, ‘PRC Assistance to Pakistan in Reprocessing’, August 25, 1978, USPQB, Doc.16, 2. The irony being that evidence of PRC involvement would later emerge.
76.
Burdess to Candlish, September 24, 1978.
77.
‘Memo to Chris from Steve enclosing edits to draft cable to Islamabad and “Evening Reading” reports to President Carter on Pakistan’, October 4, 1978, USPQB, Doc.18, 8.
78.
Ibid., 7; Kux, Disenchanted Allies, 235.
79.
Brzezinski to Carter, ‘F-5E’s for Pakistan’, July 7, 1978, JCPL, National Security Staff (hereafter NSS) Files, North/South, Box 95, Pakistan: 4/77-12/78.
80.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Under Secretary Benson’s Meeting at Pak Defense Ministry’, November 7, 1978, JCPL, NSS Files, North/South, Box 95, Pakistan: 4/77-12/78.
81.
‘Memo to Chris from Steve’, October 4, 1978, 8.
82.
‘Memorandum of Conversation: Consultations on Pakistan: details on Indigenous Nuclear Capabilities (Supplement to October 6, 1978 memcon prepared by Ambassador Hummel)’, October 6, 1978, USPQB, Doc.19.
83.
USE Paris to State, ‘Pakistan Ambassador to France Hard-Lines on Reprocessing Plant’, October 21, 1978, DNSA, NP01612, 1.
84.
Ibid.
85.
State to USE London et al., November 1, 1.
86.
Ibid., 3.
87.
State to USE London et al., November 1, 1978, 3.
88.
Ibid., 4.
89.
USE London to State, ‘Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 2, 1978, NPAD, Doc.10A, 1.
90.
Ibid., 2.
91.
USE Paris to State, ‘US Demarches on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 2, 1978, NPAD, Doc.10B, 1.
92.
Ibid., 2.
93.
State to USE London et al., ‘US Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 4, 1978, NPAD, Doc.12, 2.
94.
Ibid.
95.
Ibid., 4.
96.
USE Ottawa to State, ‘US Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 7, 1978, NPAD Doc.13F; USE Rome to State, ‘US Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 7, 1978, NPAD Doc.13C; USE Tokyo to State, ‘US Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 9, 1978, NPAD Doc.13I.
97.
USE The Hague to State, ‘Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 9, 1978, NPAD, Doc.13H.
98.
USE Bonn to State, ‘US Demarche on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 8, 1978, NPAD, Doc.13E.
99.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Achieving USG Nonproliferation Objectives in Pakistan’, November 14, 1978, NPAD, Doc.15A.
100.
State to USE Islamabad, ‘Achieving USG Non-proliferation Objectives in Pakistan’, November 16, 1978, NPAD, Doc.15B.
101.
USE New Delhi to State, ‘Achieving USG Nonproliferation Objectives in Pakistan’, November 17, 1978, NPAD, Doc.15C.
102.
State to USE Paris, ‘Pakistan Reprocessing Plant’, November 22, 1978, NPAD, Doc.18, 2.
103.
Ibid., 3.
104.
Parkin to Bourke, ‘Export of Inverters to Pakistan’, March 15, 1978, TNA FCO96/822.
105.
See Gerlini, ‘Waiting for Dimona’, 150.
106.
‘Note of a Meeting Held in the Department of Energy, Atomic Energy Division, on March 17, 1978 to Discuss a Possible Export Order for Inverters to Pakistan’, March 23, 1978, TNA FCO96/822, 1.
107.
Parkin to Bourke, ‘Export of Inverters to Pakistan’, March 15, 1978, TNA FCO96/822.
108.
‘Note of a Meeting’, March 23, 1978, 3.
109.
Ibid.
110.
‘Record of a Meeting Between the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary and Agha Shahi’, March 20, 1978, TNA FCO96/822, 1. Callaghan and Owen both called upon Zia to rescind Bhutto’s death sentence, to no avail.
111.
Bourke to Pakenham, ‘Export by a UK Firm of Inverters to Pakistan’, March 23, 1978, TNA FCO96/822.
112.
Ibid., 2.
113.
UKE Washington to FCO, ‘Inverters for Pakistan: Bourke’s Letter to Pakenham of March 23’, March 28, 1978, TNA FCO96/822.
114.
Pakenham to Bourke, ‘Export of Inverters to Pakistan’, April 18, 1978, TNA FCO96/822, 1.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid.
117.
Burdess to Bourke, ‘Inverters for Pakistan’, April 3, 1978, TNA FCO96/822.
118.
Ibid.
119.
CIA, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Study’, April 26, 1978, DNSA, WM00212. William Burr opines that the redacted sections were on issues other than a potential enrichment programme; see www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb333/index.htm, notes on Doc.5.
120.
‘Pakistan Nuclear Study’, April 26, 1978, 1.
121.
Carter’s administration was not alone in having such a blind spot. British officials had, since the late 1960s, been warning their US counterparts about the proliferation dangers of gas centrifuge technology, to no avail. See John Krige, ‘US Technological Superiority and the Special Nuclear Relationship: Contrasting British and US Policies for Controlling the Proliferation of Gas Centrifuge Enrichment’, International History Review, 36:2 (2015), 230–251.
122.
Frank Allaun MP, Question, July 21, 1978, Hansard Online, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1978/jul/21/nuclear-power-variable-frequency#S5CV0954P0_19780721_CWA_167 (accessed November 8, 2012). How Allaun came to find out about the matter is a matter of considerable speculation. Weissman and Krosney argue that it was Ernst Pfiffl—a disillusioned Pakistani purchasing agent in Germany—who spread the word about Islamabad’s activities. Allaun took the secret to his grave in 2002.
123.
Owen, Time to Declare, 320; Tony Benn, in response to Frank Allaun MP, July 21, 1978, Hansard Online, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1978/jul/21/nuclear-power-variable-frequency#S5CV0954P0_19780721_CWA_167 (accessed November 8, 2012).
124.
Frank Allaun MP, Question, July 26, 1978, Hansard Online, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1978/jul/26/nuclear-power-equipment-exports#S5CV0954P0_19780726_CWA_322 (accessed on November 8, 2012).
125.
‘Power export faces ban’, TG, October 6, 1978, 1; ‘Nuclear trade loophole closed by Government’, TG, November 23, 1978, 4.
126.
Armstrong and Trento (74–76), for example, mention the early March to July discussions, but attach no significance to them.
127.
Dunning to Parkin, ‘Export of Inverters’, August 18, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
128.
Hannay to Gittelson, ‘Export of Inverters to Pakistan’, August 9, 1978, TNA FCO96/823.
129.
Benn to Owen, Letter, August 30, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
130.
Inclusion with August 30 Benn to Owen Letter, ‘Export of Inverters’, Date unknown, presumed August 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
131.
On the tension between Benn and Owen, see David Hannay, transcript of interview by Malcolm McBain, July 22, 1999, British Diplomatic Oral History Programme (hereafter BDOHP), www.chu.cam.ac.uk/archives/collections/BDOHP/Hannay.pdf (accessed December 10, 2013), 13.
132.
Owen to Benn, ‘Proposed Sale of Inverters to Pakistan’, September 12, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113, 1.
133.
Owen to UKE Islamabad, ‘Inverters for Pakistan’, October 5, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
134.
‘Note of a Meeting Held with Emerson Electrical Industrial Controls’, September 26, 1978, TNA Records of the Cabinet Office (hereafter CAB) 130/1052, 1.
135.
Ibid., 4; Harris to Herzig, ‘Weargate Contract for Inverters’, September 28, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
136.
‘Power Export Faces Ban’, TG, October 6, 1978, 1; Owen to UKE Islamabad, ‘Inverters for Pakistan’, October 6, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
137.
UKE Islamabad to FCO, ‘Pakistan–A Difficult Time Ahead’, September 24, 1978, TNA FCO96/826, 5.
138.
‘Record of Discussions of Non-proliferation Issues in the State Dept.’, October 6, 1978, TNA FCO96/824.
139.
Fletcher-Cooke to Candlish, ‘Nuclear Exports to Pakistan’, October 10, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113.
140.
‘Anglo-German Bilaterals: Bilateral Discussions on Nuclear and Non-proliferation Questions’, October 19–20, 1978, TNA FCO96/825, 2–4.
141.
FCO to UKE Bonn et al., ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 26, 1978, TNA FCO96/825, 1.
142.
Ibid.
143.
FCO to UKE Bonn et al., ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 26, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
144.
FCO to UKE Bonn et al., ‘Nuclear Exports. Following Is Suggested Speaking Note’, October 26, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
145.
FCO to UKE Bonn et al., ‘Nuclear Exports’, November 7, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
146.
UKE The Hague to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 30, 1978, TNA FCO96/825; UKHC Canberra to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 30, 1978, TNA FCO96/825; UKHC Ottawa to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 30, 1978, TNA FCO96/825; UKE Rome to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, October 31, 1978, TNA FCO96/825; USE Madrid to State, ‘US Demarche [sic] on Pakistani Reprocessing Plant’, November 13, 1978, NPAD, Doc.14; UKE Stockholm to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, November 2, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
147.
UKE Bonn to FCO, ‘Nuclear Exports’, November 2, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
148.
FCO to UKE Islamabad, ‘Afghanistan/Pakistan’, October 31, 1978, TNA FCO96/825, 2.
149.
State to USE Bonn et al., ‘UK Approach to Supplier Governments on Pakistan’, November 1, 1978, NPAD, Doc.9.
150.
Weston to Cullimore and White, ‘Inverters for Pakistan’, November 3, 1978, TNA FCO96/825.
151.
FCO to UKE Washington, ‘Inverters for Pakistan’, October 5, 1978, TNA FCO37/2113, 1–2.
152.
State to USE London, ‘Pakistan Proliferation Problem’, November 18, 1978, NPAD, Doc.17A, 2.
153.
USE London to State, ‘Pakistan Proliferation Problem’, November 24, 1978, NPAD, Doc.17B.
154.
‘Pakistan’, December 4, 1978, TNA FCO37/2114.
155.
‘Pakistan: Inverters’, December 12, 1978, TNA FCO96/826.
156.
NIO for Nuclear Proliferation to DCI, ‘Monthly Warning Report–Nuclear Proliferation’, December 5, 1978, USPQB, Doc.21, 2.
157.
‘Pakistan: Nuclear Weapons Development’, December 22, 1978, TNA FCO96/827. The second page of this document—which presumably contains intelligence information—is readacted.
158.
Burdess to Alston, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Affairs’, December 18, 1978, TNA FCO37/2114, 1.
159.
USE Islamabad to State, ‘Discussion with French Official on Nuclear Matters’, December 19, 1978, DNSA, NP01615, 1.
160.
Burdess to Alston, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Affairs: General Zia’s Public Comments’, December 22, 1978, TNA FCO37/2114.
161.
Ibid.
162.
Weston to Alston, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Developments’, December 22, 1978, TNA FCO37/2114, 1.
163.
Ibid., 2.
164.
Peter A. Clausen, Nonproliferation and the National Interest: America’s Response to the Spread of Nuclear Weapons (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 140–141.
165.
Weston to Alston, December 22, 1978, 2.

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Craig, M.M. (2017). “We do find this statement of intentions to be disquieting” The US-UK Diplomatic Campaign Against Pakistan, March 1978 to December 1978. In: America, Britain and Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1974-1980. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51880-0_5

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