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Adaptations of Cold- and Pressure-Loving Bacteria to the Deep-Sea Environment: Cell Envelope and Flagella

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Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments

Abstract

Compared to terrestrial environments our knowledge of microorganisms inhabiting oceans, the largest ecosystem on Earth, is limited. Deep oceans contain bacteria that thrive at high pressure and low temperature. For them, as for all bacteria, the outer structures of the cell are the first point of contact with the environment, both sensing and being modified in response to it. The vast majority of studied cold- and pressure-loving bacteria are Gram-negative and so in this chapter, the adaptations of their cell envelope and flagella are presented. In deep-sea bacteria, the structure of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides is modified in order to maintain membrane fluidity and enable membrane-localised proteins to perform their functions. Many of the membrane proteins involved in nutrient acquisition, transport, respiration, sensing and signalling are also specifically adapted to function at high pressure and low temperature. The ability to move towards nutrients or away from hostile environment is extremely important for bacterial survival and yet very vulnerable to increased pressure. Deep-sea bacteria are capable of swimming even at 150 MPa, which suggests their motility systems are specifically adapted to high pressure. Moreover, some bacteria have been shown to produce a second type of flagella (lateral flagella) in response to high pressure or low temperature. The findings presented in this chapter are a result of many techniques and analyses applied to whole microbial communities, single species as well as particular genes and proteins. Investigation of the adaptations to high pressure and low temperature not only expands basic knowledge but also identifies targets that could have biotechnological and industrial application. Deep-sea bacteria could be used for production of biofuels, secondary metabolites of value for drug development, and various pressure and temperature adapted enzymes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Kamila K. Myka

  2. Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK

    David J. Allcock

  3. DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA

    Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh

  4. Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Theodora Tryfona

  5. Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Andreas F. Haag

  6. Asian School of the Environment and Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore

    Federico M. Lauro

  7. Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Douglas H. Bartlett

  8. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Gail P. Ferguson

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  1. Kamila K. Myka
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  2. David J. Allcock
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  3. Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh
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  4. Theodora Tryfona
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  5. Andreas F. Haag
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  6. Federico M. Lauro
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  7. Douglas H. Bartlett
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  8. Gail P. Ferguson
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Correspondence to Kamila K. Myka .

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  1. Singapore Center Envmtl. Life Sc. Engineer., Nanyang Technological Univ., Singapore, Singapore

    Caroline Chénard

  2. Singapore Center Envmtl. Life Sc. Engineer., Nanyang Technological Univ., Singapore, Singapore

    Federico M. Lauro

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Myka, K.K. et al. (2017). Adaptations of Cold- and Pressure-Loving Bacteria to the Deep-Sea Environment: Cell Envelope and Flagella. In: Chénard, C., Lauro, F. (eds) Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51686-8_3

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