Abstract
Several of the most popular scratch and mar test methods and their scratch failure mechanisms are reviewed. These include Crockmeter-2 μm, Crockmeter-9 μm, Amtec Kistler Car Wash, and Nano Scratch. Plastic deformation is identified as the primary failure mechanism for the Crockmeter tests, but fracture type scratches are more associated with Amtec Kistler Car Wash test. Nano Scratch quantitatively measures both plastic deformation and fracture load. From the coating design perspective, crosslink density and chain elasticity are the most important factors for scratch and mar resistance. Higher crosslink density is correlated to lower plastic deformation, while higher chain elasticity results in higher fracture threshold. Aging of polyisocyanate type coatings helps scratch and mar resistance due to postcure reaction from the isocyanate residual groups. Weathering hurts scratch and mar resistance due to network degradation. For technology comparison, two-component (2K) isocyanate was superior in comparing to one-component (1K) acrylic melamine due to its better weathering resistance. Impact of nanoparticles on scratch and mar resistance appeared to be related to the cluster formation of the particles. The tightly clustered nanoparticles appeared to improve scratch and mar resistance through arresting the propagating fronts of cracks initiated during the scratching process.
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank some of my long-time technicians Robert McEwen and Vince Cianciolo for their significant contribution to this work. I would also like to thank Ford Motor Company for allowing the access to their Nano Scratch equipment for some of the work. Finally, I would like to thank my colleagues and long-time collaborators over the years for many interesting discussions regarding scratch and mar resistance and also continuing friendship, including David Nordstrom, Robert Matheson, Li Lin, Jeffery Johnson, and Marcy Zimmer.
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Lin, J. (2017). Scratch and Mar Resistance of Automotive Coatings. In: Wen, M., Dušek, K. (eds) Protective Coatings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_16
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