Abstract
The factors and theoretical approaches to equilibrium swelling of cross-linked polymer systems were analyzed in relation to the application of the equilibrium swelling method for characterization of structure of cross-linked coating films. Special attention was paid to the possibility of characterizing the cross-link density and its changes during film formation. For swelling of highly cross-linked networks (coating films) in good solvents, the finite extensibility of network chains was respected. The effect of adhesion of the film to the substrate was also considered. If equilibrium swelling method (swell test) is used for characterizing changes in cross-link density of drying (reacting) films, the results are often not meaningful for several reasons such as (a) dependence of interaction parameter on conversion; (b) if the sample is in its glassy state and contains unreacted functional groups, increase of conversion occurs during the test when swelling induces transition from the glassy to the rubbery state.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
g = χ, if both quantities are concentration independent; otherwise, the concentration dependences can be recalculated; in the examples below, we will be using the concentration-dependent parameter χ, where the concentration dependence will be related to the chemical potentials of the solvent.
References
Dušek, K., Dušková-Smrčková, M.: Network structure formation during crosslinking of organic coating systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25, 1215–1260 (2000). doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00028-9
Dušek, K., Dušková-Smrčková, M.: Polymer networks. In: Matyjaszewski, K., Gnanou, P., Leibler, L. (eds.) Precise Synthesis, Materials Properties, Applications, Structure-Property Correlation and Characterization Techniques, vol. 3, pp. 1687–1730. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2007). ISBN 978-3-527-31446-1
Dušek, K.: Network formation in curing of epoxy resins. Adv. Polym. Sci. 78, 1–59 (1986). doi:10.1007/BFb0035356
Dušek, K., Dušková-Smrčková, M., Huybrechts, J., Ďuračková, A.: Polymer networks from preformed precursors having molecular weight and group reactivity distributions. Theory and application. Macromolecules. 46, 2767–2784 (2013). doi:10.1021/ma3000187
Dušková-Smrčková, M., Valentová, H., Ďuračková, A., Dušek, K.: Effect of dilution on structure and properties of polyurethane networks. Pregel and postgel cyclization and phase separation. Macromolecules. 43, 6450–6462 (2010). doi:10.1021/ma100626d
Flory, P.J., Rehner, J.: Statistical mechanics of cross-linked polymer networks. II Swelling. J. Chem. Phys. 11, 521–526 (1943). doi:10.1063/1.1723792
Flory, P.J.: Statistical mechanics of swelling of network structures. J. Chem. Phys. 18, 108–111 (1950). doi:10.1063/1.1747424
Flory, P.J. Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press, Ithaca (1953). ISBN-13 978-0-8014-0134-3
Erman, B., Mark, J.E.: Structures and Properties of Rubberlike Networks. Oxford University Press. New York (1997). ISBN: 9780195082371
Dušek, K., Choukourov, A., Dušková-Smrčková, M., Biedermann, H.: Constrained swelling of polymer networks: characterization of vapor-deposited cross-linked polymer thin films. Macromolecules. 47, 4417–4427 (2014). doi:10.1021/ma5006217
Dušek, K., Dušková-Smrčková, M., Šomvársky, J.: Effect of constraints on swelling of polymer networks. Macromol. Symp. 358, 120–127 (2015). doi:10.1002/masy.201500025
Edwards, S.F., Vilgis, T.: The effects of entanglements in rubber elasticity. Polymer. 27, 483–492 (1986). doi:10.1016/0032-3861(86)90231-4
Horgan, C.O., Saccomandi, G.: Phenomenological hyperelastic strain-stiffening constitutive models for rubber. Rubber Chem. Technol. 79, 152–169 (2006). doi:10.5254/1.3547924
Ben Amar, M., Goriely, A.: Growth and instability in elastic tissues. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 53, 2284–2319 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2005.04.008
Dervaux, J., Ben Amar, M.: Mechanical instabilities of gels. Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 3, 311–332 (2012). doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-062910-140436
Li, B., Cao, Y.-P., Feng, X.-Q., Gao, H.: Mechanics of morphological instabilities and surface wrinkling in soft materials: a review. Soft Matter. 8, 5728 (2012). doi:10.1039/C2SM00011C
Singamaneni, S., Tsukruk, V.V.: Buckling instabilities in periodic composite polymeric materials. Soft Matter. 6, 5681–5692 (2010). doi:10.1039/C0SM00374C
Hansen, C.: Hansen Solubility Parameters: A User’s Handbook, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2007). ISBN 978-0-8493-7248-3
Mohite, L.V., Juvekar, V.A.: Quantification of thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycols). Role of calorimetry. Fluid Phase Equilib. 278, 41–53 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.fluid.2009.01.003
Dušek, K.: Quasichemical equilibrium approach to crosslinked polymer solutions. J. Polym. Sci., C, Polym. Symp. 39, 83–106 (1972)
Dušková-Smrčková, M., Dušek, K., Vlasák, P.: Solvent activity changes and phase separation during crosslinking of coating films. Macromol. Symp. 198, 259–270 (2003). doi:10.1002/masy.200350822
Gregorovich, B.V., Adamsons, K., Lin, L.: Scratch and mar resistance and other mechanical properties as a function of chemical nature for automotive refinish coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 43, 175–177 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00187-4
Hill, L.W., Wicks Jr., Z.W.: Design considerations for high solids coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 10, 55–89 (1982). doi:10.1016/0300-9440(82)80006-4
Hill, L.W.: Structure property relationships of thermoset coatings. J. Coat. Technol. 64, 28–42 (1992)
Arruda, E.M., Boyce, M.C.: A three-dimensional constitutive model for the large stretch behavior of rubber elastic materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 41, 389–412 (1993). doi:10.1016/0022-5096(93)90013-6
Boyce, M.C., Arruda, E.M.: Constitutive models of rubber elasticity: a review. Rubber Chem. Technol. 73, 504–523 (2000). doi:10.5254/1.3547602
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dušek, K., Dušková-Smrčková, M., Brent Douglas, C. (2017). Swelling of Coating Films. In: Wen, M., Dušek, K. (eds) Protective Coatings. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51627-1_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51625-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51627-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)