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Seismic Anisotropy and Mantle Flow Driven by the Cocos Slab Under Southern Mexico

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Book cover Geodynamics of the Latin American Pacific Margin

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Abstract

Shear wave splitting measurements were made using SKS and SKKS waves recorded by the Meso-American Subduction Experiment, which was deployed in southern Mexico starting at the coast of the Pacific Ocean and running north toward the Gulf of Mexico. In this segment of the Middle America Trench the oceanic Cocos plate subducts under the continental North American plate. The active volcanic arc is located at the southern end of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Unlike most subduction zones, however, the volcanic arc is not subparallel to the trench. In the fore-arc, between the trench and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Cocos slab subducts subhorizontally. Beneath the volcanic belt, however, the slab dives steeply into the mantle. A marked difference in the orientation of the fast polarization directions is observed between the fore-arc and the back-arc. In the fore-arc the fast axes determined using SKS phases are oriented NE–SW, in the same direction as the relative motion between the Cocos and North American plates, and are approximately perpendicular to the trench. Physical conditions in the subslab mantle are consistent with the existence of A-type olivine and consequently entrained mantle flow is inferred. Strong coupling between the slab and the surrounding mantle is observed. In the back-arc SKS fast polarization directions are oriented N–S and are perpendicular to the strike of the slab. Given the high temperatures in the mantle wedge tip, the development of A-type, or similar, olivine fabric throughout the mantle wedge is expected. The orientation of the fast axes is consistent with corner flow in the mantle wedge.

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Manuel Velásquez for computer support; Rob Clayton, Vlad Manea, and Marina Manea for discussions and suggestions. We are also thankful to Xyoli Pérez-Campos, Rob Clayton, Arturo Iglesias, Shri Krishna Singh, Paul Davis, and Allen Husker for access to the MASE data; and also to all the volunteers who contributed their time for field work. We are thankful to Karen Fischer for providing the computer code used in the early stages of this project to measure the splitting parameters. The suggestions made by two anonymous reviewers greatly enriched the manuscript. One of us (GLS) received a postdoctoral fellowship from Mexico’s Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología for work at Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente, Universidad de Guadalajara. This work was funded by Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México through Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, PAPIIT grant IN112814. The MASE experiment was supported by the Tectonics Observatory at the California Institute of Technology and by the Center for Embedded Network Sensors (CENS) at the University of California Los Angeles. The MASE experiment was funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The maps and figures in this study were made using the Generic Mapping Tools package (Wessel and Smith 1998).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente, Universidad de Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Jal., Mexico

    Leslie A. Bernal-López & Christian R. Escudero

  2. Departamento de Sismología, Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Berenice R. Garibaldi & Raúl W. Valenzuela

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich., Mexico

    Gerardo León Soto

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  1. Leslie A. Bernal-López
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  2. Berenice R. Garibaldi
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  3. Gerardo León Soto
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  4. Raúl W. Valenzuela
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Correspondence to Raúl W. Valenzuela .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Geofísica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    William L. Bandy

  2. Vatican City State Holy See, Italy

    Juanjo Dañobeitia

  3. Instituto de Geofisica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, Mexico

    Carlos Gutiérrez

  4. Volcanology Department, Institute of Geophysics, UNAM, 3000 Av. Universidad, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

    Yuri Taran

  5. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar-CSIC, P. Marítimo de la, Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Rafael Bartolomé

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Bernal-López, L.A., Garibaldi, B.R., León Soto, G., Valenzuela, R.W., Escudero, C.R. (2015). Seismic Anisotropy and Mantle Flow Driven by the Cocos Slab Under Southern Mexico. In: Bandy, W.L., Dañobeitia, J., Gutiérrez, C., Taran, Y., Bartolomé, R. (eds) Geodynamics of the Latin American Pacific Margin. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51529-8_10

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