Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Egyptian Grid Code of Wind Farms and Power Quality

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Distributed Generation

Abstract

Compliance with interconnection requirements is mandatory for grid-interconnected wind farms. However, there are many barriers on the track. Diversity, ambiguity, consecutive drafts and updated codes, and the different sets of connection requirements are some of these obstacles. This chapter demonstrates the recent challenges concerning the wind farms-grid interconnection regulations. The general values and impacts for wind farms-grid interconnection are presented based on the recently published Egyptian grid code . The authorities and responsibilities of the grid operators, conditions of the connection, reconnection and disconnection of farms, active and reactive power control are introduced and discussed. Besides, the various requirements concerning with quality of power (especially in weak grids), such as flickers , harmonics , imbalance, and voltage fluctuations are discussed in detail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abdel Aleem SHE, Zobaa AF, Abdel Mageed HM (2015) Assessment of energy credits for the enhancement of the Egyptian Green Pyramid Rating System. Energy Policy 87:407–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bansal RC, Zobaa AF, Saket RK (2005) Some issue related to power generation using wind energy conversion system: an overview. Int J Emerg Electr Power Syst 3:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tsili M, Papathanassiou S (2009) A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms. IET Renew Power Gener 3:308–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Salameh Z (2014) Renewable energy system design. Academic Press, Elsevier, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  5. IPCC (2011) IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

    Google Scholar 

  6. Font V (2016) Wind energy setting records, growing still: the wind energy outlook for 2016

    Google Scholar 

  7. Neslen A (2016) Wind power. Denmark broke world record for wind power in 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/18/denmark-broke-world-record-for-wind-power-in-2015

  8. Smith JC, Milligan MR, DeMeo EA (2007) Utility wind integration and operating impact state of the art. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 22:900–907

    Google Scholar 

  9. El-Sharkawi MA (2015) Wind energy: an introduction. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group

    Google Scholar 

  10. Danish Wind Industry Association (2003) http://www.motiva.fi/myllarin_tuulivoima/windpower%20web/en/tour/grid/rein.htm

  11. Mohod SW, Aware MV (2013) Power quality and grid code issues in wind energy conversion system. In: Lu D (ed) An update on power quality. InTech, Croatia, European Union

    Google Scholar 

  12. ETGC (2014) Wind farm grid connection code in addition to the Egyptian transmission grid code. Revised Draft

    Google Scholar 

  13. Erlich I, Winter W, Dittrich A (2006) Advanced grid requirements for the integration of wind turbines into the German transmission system. In: Proceedings of IEEE power engineering society general meeting, Montreal, Que

    Google Scholar 

  14. Porter K, Yen-Nakafuji D, Morgenstern B (2007) A review of the international experience with integrating wind energy generation. Electron J 20:48–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Thomas A (2005) Wind power in power systems. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  16. Abdel Aleem SHE, Zobaa AF, Abdel Aziz MM (2012) Optimal C-type passive filter based on minimization of the voltage harmonic distortion for nonlinear loads. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 59:281–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Bollen MHJ, Gu IYH (2006) Signal processing of power quality disturbances. IEEE

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dixit JB, Amit Y (2010) Electrical power quality. Laxmi Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Abdel Aleem SHE, Balci ME, Zobaa AF, Sakr S (2014) Optimal passive filter design for effective utilization of cables and transformers under non-sinusoidal conditions. In: Proceedings of 16th international conference harmonics and quality of power, ICHQP’14, Bucharest, Romania, 25–28 May, pp 626–630

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zobaa AF, Abdel Aziz MM, Abdel Aleem SHE (2010) Comparison of shunt-passive and series-passive filters for DC drive loads. Electr Power Compon Syst 38:275–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Heetun ZK, Abdel Aleem SHE, Zobaa AF (2016) Voltage stability analysis of grid-connected wind farms with FACTS: static and dynamic analysis. Energy Policy Res 3:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Abdel Aleem SHE, Ibrahim AM, Zobaa AF (2016) Harmonic assessment-based adjusted current total harmonic distortion. IET J Eng. doi:10.1049/joe.2016.0002

    Google Scholar 

  23. A review of interconnection rules for large-scale renewable power generation: principal technical issues in grid interconnection (2015) http://machineryequipmentonline.com/electrical-power-generation/a-review-of-interconnection-rules-for-large-scale-renewable-power-generationprincipal-technical-issues-in-grid-interconnection/

  24. IEEE Standard 519 (2014) IEEE recommended practice and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems

    Google Scholar 

  25. IEC 61400-21 (2008) Wind turbines—part 21: measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines

    Google Scholar 

  26. IEC 61000-4-15 (2010) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—part 4–15: testing and measurement techniques—flickermeter—functional and design specifications

    Google Scholar 

  27. Andrus C (2013) Understanding IEEE flicker, Ifl, Pst, Plt. http://images.powermonitors.com/white-papers/WP104.pdf

  28. IEC 61000-3-7 (2008) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—part 3–7: limits—assessment of emission limits for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pillay P, Manyage M (2001) Definitions of voltage unbalance. IEEE Power Eng Rev Mag 5:50–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Balci ME, Abdel Aleem SHE, Zobaa AF, Sakr S (2014) An Algorithm for optimal sizing of the capacitor banks under non-sinusoidal and unbalanced conditions. Recent Adv Electr Electron Eng 7:116–122

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sandia NL (2012) reactive power interconnection requirements for PV and wind plants (SAND2012-1098). http://energy.sandia.gov/wp/wp-content/gallery/uploads/Reactive-Power-Requirements-for-PV-and-Wind-SAND2012-1098.pdf

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge and thank Chris Mullins, VP of Engineering, Power Monitors, Inc. for his support and information he freely provided during the preparation of this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Department, 15th of May Higher Institute of Engineering, Helwan, Cairo, 11731, Egypt

    Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem

  2. Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11517, Egypt

    Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz

  3. College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK

    Ahmed F. Zobaa

Authors
  1. Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed F. Zobaa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Ramesh Bansal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abdel Aleem, S.H.E., Abdelaziz, A.Y., Zobaa, A.F. (2017). Egyptian Grid Code of Wind Farms and Power Quality. In: Bansal, R. (eds) Handbook of Distributed Generation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51343-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51343-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51342-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51343-0

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation