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The Global Histories of Books pp 129–160Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Governing by the Book: Mediterranean Travel and Sanitary Prophylaxis in the Nineteenth-Century

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Part of the book series: New Directions in Book History ((NDBH))

Abstract

In the nineteenth century quarantine and sanitary prophylaxis were the main forms of ‘border control’ facing European tourists in the Mediterranean. Hygiene manuals and guidebooks played an important role in shaping the way this particular class of travellers engaged with then contemporary maritime sanitary regimes. They serve to illustrate how new kinds of ‘free mobility’, made possible by the steam revolution in transport among other factors, developed alongside new forms of power, knowledge and discipline. They also show how hygienic practices aimed at controlling the spread of disease overlapped with the rituals of tourism.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This is repeatedly stated in nineteenth-century guidebooks. For example see, Robert Lambert Playfair, Murray’s Handbook to the Mediterranean: Its Cities, Coasts, and Islands for the Use of General Travellers and Yachtsmen. London, 1890, p. v.

  2. 2.

    Mark Harrison, ‘Disease, Diplomacy and International Commerce: The Origins of International Sanitary Regulation in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Global History, 1:2 (2006), pp. 197–217; Valeska Huber, ‘The Unification of the Globe by Disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851–1894’, The Historical Journal, 49:2 (2006), pp. 453–476.

  3. 3.

    Bills of health were certificates relating to the incidence of contagious diseases on a ship and at the port it had sailed from.

  4. 4.

    Daniel Panzac, Quarantaines et lazarets. L’Europe et la peste d’Orient (Aix-en-Provence: Édisud, 1986), pp. 31–120.

  5. 5.

    Adrien Proust, La Défense de l’Europe Contre la Peste et la Conference de Venise de 1897. Paris, 1897.

  6. 6.

    Valeska Huber, Channelling Mobilities. Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 222–253.

  7. 7.

    Archives Départementales Bouches-du-Rhône. Intendance sanitaire de Marseille: 200 E.

  8. 8.

    Archives Départementales Bouches-du-Rhône. Intendance sanitaire de Marseille: 200 E 993.

  9. 9.

    Peter Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe 1830–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 186–187.

  10. 10.

    Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe 1830–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 186–187; Huber uses both terms to explain why and how the Suez Canal mattered to the ‘government of mobility’: Huber, Channelling Mobilities. Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

  11. 11.

    For the ‘mobility turn’ in the social sciences: Mimi Sheller and John Urry, ‘The New Mobilities Paradigm’, Environment and Planning A:38 (2006), pp. 207–226.

  12. 12.

    Michel Foucault, ‘Governmentality’, in The Foucault Effect. Studies in Governmentality, eds. Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), pp. 87–104. For examples of governmentality applied to mobility see: Sandro Mezzadra, Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor (Durham: Duke University Press, 2013) or Nicholas DeGenova and Natalie Peutz, The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010).

  13. 13.

    Bernard Lerivray, Guides Bleus, Guides Verts et Lunettes Roses (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1975), pp. 79–94. Lerivray argues that the language used in guidebooks, including the use of certain tenses, was designed to make travellers into meek and docile ‘ideal tourists’.

  14. 14.

    For example a Guide Joanne from 1890 to southern Italy cited Dr. Pileur as the main contributor for all matters medical. Guide Joanne. Italie du Sud. Paris, 1890, p. ix.

  15. 15.

    Jérôme Penez, ‘Guides Imprimés et Thermalisme en France, 1850–1914: Pluralité, Originalité et Dévelopement’, in Les Guides Imprimés. Du XVIe au XXe Siècle. Villes, Paysages, Voyages, eds. Gilles Chabaud, Évelyne Cohen, Natacha Coquery, Jérome Penez (Paris: Belin, 2000), pp. 221–238.

  16. 16.

    Dominique Jarassé, ‘Représentations de la Ville d’Eaux. Statut de l’image dans les Guides Thermaux Francais entre 1840 et 1870’, in Les Guides Imprimés. Du XVIe au XXe Siècle. Villes, Paysages, Voyages, eds. Gilles Chabaud, Évelyne Cohen, Natacha Coquery, Jérôme Penez (Paris: Belin, 2000), pp. 207–220.

  17. 17.

    Greeks, Ottoman subjects and European colonial subjects in North Africa did benefit from local institutions such as hammams that combined medical treatment with leisure, but these practices did not rely on guidebooks either for instruction or publicity. Julia Clancy-Smith, Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration 1800–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Jérôme Penez, Histoire du Thermalisme en France au XIXe Siècle. Eau, Médecine et Loisirs (Paris: Belin, 2005), pp. 73–76.

  18. 18.

    Jean Mistler, La Librairie Hachette de 1826 à nos jours (Paris: Hachette, 1964), p. 250.

  19. 19.

    Barbara Schaff, ‘John Murray’s Handbooks to Italy: Making Tourism Literary’, in Literary Tourism and Nineteenth-Century Culture, ed. Nicola J. Watson (Bakingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), pp. 106–118. In 1900 a yearly subscription for Le Petit Parisien cost 18 francs. In the same year (1900) one could buy 1 kg of butter from Les Halles market in Paris for roughly 3 francs. See: Gustave Bienayme’s Prix des principaux objets de consommation à Paris de 1896 à 1900. Montrevain, 1901.

  20. 20.

    For example in a French imperial context: G. Treille, De L’Acclimatation des Européens dans les Pays Chauds. Paris, 1888.

  21. 21.

    For example see: Dr. Raymond Nogué. Hygiène du Touriste. Paris, 1892.

  22. 22.

    Michael. A. Osborne, ‘Resurrecting Hippocrates: Hygienic Sciences and the French Scientific Expeditions to Egypt, Morea and Algeria’, in Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence of Tropical Medicine, 1500–1900, ed. David Arnold (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996), pp. 80–98.

  23. 23.

    Jean-André-Napoléon Périer, De l’Hygiène en Algérie. Paris, 1847.

  24. 24.

    Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, L’Empire des Hygienistes: Vivre aux Colonies (Paris: Fayard, 2014); Dr. Pierre-Just Navarre, Manual d’Hygiène Coloniale. Guide de l’Européen dans les Pays Chauds. Paris, 1895; Patrick Manson, Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates. London, 1900.

  25. 25.

    Manson, Tropical Diseases: A Manual of the Diseases of Warm Climates. London, 1900, pp. 314–315.

  26. 26.

    ‘Conférence Sanitaire Internationale de Paris, 7 février-3 avril 1894: Procès–Verbaux’. Paris: Impr. Nationale, 1894. Articles 11–12.

  27. 27.

    Patrick Boulanger, ‘Témoignages sur le Transport des Immigrants en Méditerranée: Les Rapports des Capitaines des Messageries Maritimes (1871–1914)’, in Navigation et Migrations en Méditerranée. De la Préhistoire à nos jours, ed. Jean-Louis Miège (Paris: Éd. du CNRS, 1990), pp. 351–366.

  28. 28.

    Henri Hubert Mollaret et Jacqueline Brossollet, Alexandre Yersin. Un Pasteurien en Indochine (Paris, 1993). Chapter IV explores this period in the scientist’s life.

  29. 29.

    Dr. Émile Decaisne, Guide Médical et Hygiénique du Voyageur. Paris, 1864, pp. 148–149; Dr. Émile Decaisne, Notice sur les principaux travaux scientifiques du docteur É Decaisne. Paris, 1875. His publications were wide ranging and touched on a number of topics including: alcoholism, smoking, suicide, urban mortality, typhoid and suicide.

  30. 30.

    Decaisne, Guide Médical et Hygiénique du Voyageur. Paris, 1864, pp. 3, 114–119.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., p. 114.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., p. 119.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., pp. 149–150.

  34. 34.

    Ibid., p. 148.

  35. 35.

    Ibid., 1864, p. 152.

  36. 36.

    Joseph-C. Hyam, The Illustrated Guide to Algiers: A Practical Handbook for Travellers. 1911, pp. 4–5.

  37. 37.

    John Murray, Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy and Sicily, 9th Edition. London, 1892, p. xxxvi.

  38. 38.

    Playfair, Murray’s Handbook to the Mediterranean: Its Cities, Coasts, and Islands for the use of General Travellers and Yachtsmen. London, 1890, pp. xxv–vi.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., p. v.

  40. 40.

    Researchers in the field of global history have recently investigated the link between transnational mobility and print by focusing on ship media. For examples see: Johanna de Schmidt, ‘This Strange Little Floating World of Ours’: Shipboard Periodicals and Community Building in the ‘Global Nineteenth Century’, Journal of Global History, 11:2 (2016), pp. 229–250; Roland Wenzlhuemer, ‘The Ship, the Media, and the World: Conceptualizing Connections in Global History’, Journal of Global History, 11:2 (2016), pp. 163–186.

  41. 41.

    Compagnie des Messageries Maritimes, Guide Officiel des Passagers Sur Toutes les Mer. Publié sous le patronage des Com.ies de Navigation. Paris, 1899.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., Article 16, p. 46.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., p. 45, 59.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    For example see: Les Paquebots du Levant. Guide des Voyageurs des Paquebots-poste de la Méditerranée. Services Maritimes des Messageries Nationales. 1853.

  46. 46.

    Ibid., 1853, p. 23.

  47. 47.

    Panzac, Quarantaines et Lazarets. L’Europe et la Peste d’Orient (Aix-en-Provence: Édisud, 1986), p. 116.

  48. 48.

    Frank M. Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera 1884–1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 59–98.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., p. 90. Of all these countries Italy suffered the most from the disease which ended up killing roughly 50,000 of its inhabitants. The International Sanitary Conference held in Rome in 1885 reaffirmed the uselessness of sanitary cordons in stopping cholera.

  50. 50.

    Guides Diamant. P. Joanne, L’Italie et la Sicile. 1885, p. i.

  51. 51.

    Karl Baedeker, Manuel du Voyageur. Troisième Partie. Italie Méridionale, Sicile et Sardaigne. Suivis d’excursions à Malte, à Tunis et à Corfou. 1887 (Huitième édition), p. 29.

  52. 52.

    Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera 1884–1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 15.

  53. 53.

    Guides Diamant. P. Joanne, Italie et Sicile. Paris, 1883, pp. 269.

  54. 54.

    Guide Joanne, Italie et Sicile. Paris, 1883, pp. 269–270.

  55. 55.

    Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1890, pp. 66–67; Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1886, pp. 67–68.

  56. 56.

    Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1890, p. 68; Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1886, p. 69.

  57. 57.

    Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1886, p. 64.

  58. 58.

    Guides Diamant. P. Joanne, L’Italie. Paris, 1889, p. 247.

  59. 59.

    Guide Joanne, Italie du Sud. Paris, 1890, p. 65.

  60. 60.

    Karl Baedeker, Manuel du Voyageur. Troisième Partie. Italie Méridionale, Sicile et Sardaigne. Paris, 1887, pp. xxiii.

  61. 61.

    Karl Baedeker, Manuel du Voyageur. Italie Méridionale. Sicile, Sardaigne, Malte, Tunis, Corfou. Paris, 1912, p. xxviii.

  62. 62.

    Guide Joanne, Italie et Sicile. Paris, 1886, p. 69.

  63. 63.

    Guides Diamant. P. Joanne, L’Italie. Paris, 1889, p. 64.

  64. 64.

    Itinéraire Général de la France par Paul Joanne. Provence. Paris, 1884, pp. 127–131; Itinéraire Général de la France par Paul Joanne. Provence. Paris, 1888, p. 140.

  65. 65.

    The neighbourhood was a haven within a haven as guidebooks to Algeria generally tended to be for Algiers and it surroundings only and the rest of the country was presented as off bounds except for day-trippers and the adventurous few.

  66. 66.

    Alexander A. Knox, The New Playground or Wanderings in Algeria. London, 1881, p. 110.

  67. 67.

    This label was generous since the neighbourhood was privileged in the sense that it was home to wealthy European bourgeois and colonial functionaries, including the Governor of Algeria who owned a summer house there. Hyam, The Illustrated Guide to Algiers, a Practical Handbook for Travellers, 1891, pp. 8, 106–107.

  68. 68.

    Many of the more popular spas, such as Bath in England, Baden-Baden in Germany and Vichy in France were in northern and central Europe, but colonial expansion led to a new flourishing of spas in the Maghreb. Some hosted not only invalids and tourists but also colonial functionaries returning from the tropics. For example the spa at Korbous in Tunisia was marketed to French colonial officers serving in tropical countries inviting them to re-acclimatize to Europe via a stop in a ‘climactically intermediate’ location. For the spa at Korbous see: M. Louis Geslin, Korbous: Histoire d’une Station Thermale d’Afrique. Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine. Tunis, 1913.

  69. 69.

    Dr. Alfred Gubb, Algiers as a Winter resort and its Therapeutical Indications, together with Notes on Hammam-R’Irha and Biskra. 1905, pp. 21–36.

  70. 70.

    Hyam, The Illustrated Guide to Algiers: A Practical Handbook for Travellers, 1891, p. 8. ‘A writer in The Algerian Advertiser has given the following “Impressions”, which I have the pleasure of reproducing. “Owing to its peculiar position on the shores of the tideless Mediterranean and the protecting semicircle of hills that enclose it landwards, Algiers possesses a climate peculiarly its own […]”’.

  71. 71.

    John Murray, A Handbook for Travellers in Lower and Upper Egypt. London, 1891.

  72. 72.

    Gubb, Algiers as a Winter Resort and Its Therapeutical Indications, Together with Notes on Hammam R’Irha and Biskra. 1905, pp. 35–40.

  73. 73.

    Hyam, The Illustrated Guide to Algiers, a Practical Handbook for Travellers, 1891, pp. 89–90.

  74. 74.

    For examples see: Penez, Histoire du Thermalisme en France au XIXe Siècle. Eau, Médecine et Loisirs (Paris: Impr. Jouve, 2000) and Douglas Peter Mackaman, Leisure Settings. Bourgeois Culture, Medicine, and the Spa in Modern France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

  75. 75.

    Mackaman, Leisure Settings. Bourgeois Culture, Medicine, and the Spa in Modern France (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

  76. 76.

    John Murray, Handbook for Travellers in Algeria and Tunis, 1887, p. 5.

  77. 77.

    John Murray, A Handbook for Travellers in Egypt, London, 1873, p. 90.

  78. 78.

    For a definition of sub-global see: James Belich, John Darwin and Chris Wickham, ‘Introduction’, in The Prospect of Global History, eds. James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 1–33.

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Acknowledgement

My thanks to Dr. Adriana X Jacobs, Dr. Asha Rogers, Rouven Kunstmann and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Global and Imperial History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Riccardo Liberatore

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  1. Riccardo Liberatore
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Correspondence to Riccardo Liberatore .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom

    Elleke Boehmer

  2. University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom

    Rouven Kunstmann

  3. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

    Priyasha Mukhopadhyay

  4. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Asha Rogers

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Liberatore, R. (2017). Governing by the Book: Mediterranean Travel and Sanitary Prophylaxis in the Nineteenth-Century. In: Boehmer, E., Kunstmann, R., Mukhopadhyay, P., Rogers, A. (eds) The Global Histories of Books. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51334-8_6

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