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The Masonic International and the Peace Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

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Reconsidering Peace and Patriotism during the First World War

Abstract

Pacifism was among the most distinctive ideals of Freemasonry since its very inception. Towards the end of the nineteenth century the main European Freemasonries (with the notable exception of the English one) lent their support to the peace movement by organizing various international Masonic congresses, the first of which was held in Paris in 1889. In 1902 the Bureau international des relations maƧonniques was founded, which had among its members some recipients of the Nobel Prize for Peace. Deep contradictions emerged within Masonic pacifism with the outbreak of the First World War, when references to patriotism prevailed over the idea of universal brotherhood. All European Freemasonries similarly declared themselves in favour of intervention in the war and the defence of the national interests of their respective countries.

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Notes

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  12. 12.

    E. Quartier-la-Tente (1905), Le Bureau international des relations maƧonniques. Son histoire, 1889ā€“1905 (Berne: Impr. BĆ¼chler), p. 2.

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    See ConfĆ©rence MaƧonnique universelle dā€™Anvers du 21 e au 24 e jour du 5 e mois 1894 [1894], (Bruxelles: P. Weissenbruch).

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  17. 17.

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  18. 18.

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    See CongrĆØs maƧonnique international de 1902 Ć  GenĆØve. Grande Loge Suisse Alpina, Compte rendu des sĆ©ances du CongrĆØs, les 5, 6 et 7 septembre 1902 (1902), (Berne: Impr. BĆ¼chler & CĀ°).

  20. 20.

    B. Perrelet [1913], Le Bureau international de relations maƧonniques. Organisation, but, activitĆ© (Berne: Impr. BĆ¼chler & CĀ°), p. 7.

  21. 21.

    ā€˜Le congrĆØs Ć©met le voeu que, dans tout lā€™univers, le 18 mai, anniversaire de lā€™ouverture de la confĆ©rence de La Haye, les ateliers maƧonniques, dans chaque Orient, rĆ©unis en tenue plĆ©niĆØre et collective, cĆ©lĆØbrent lā€™ideal de Paix et de Justice entre les nations, un des buts de la franc-maƧonnerie universelle, et charge le bureau international de relations maƧonniques de transmettre ce voeu Ć  toutes les puissances de la maƧonnerie universelleā€™, N. Lubelski-Bernard (1977), Les mouvements et les idĆ©ologies, cit., p. 776.

  22. 22.

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  23. 23.

    ā€˜Plus les annĆ©es se succĆØdent,ā€™ he stated, ā€˜plus lā€™Europe en prend nettement conscience. La crainte dā€™une guerre franco-allemande, telle est la raison non pas unique, mais capitale qui maintient lā€™Europe en armes, et qui par une contagion inĆ©vitable, pousse les Etats-Unis dans la voie des armements et arme lā€™Orient contre lā€™Occidentā€™, CongrĆØs maƧonnique international 1904 Ć  Bruxelles. Compte rendu des SĆ©ances du CongrĆØs du Samedi 27 au Mardi 30 AoĆ»t 1904 (1905), (Berne: Impr. BĆ¼chler & CĀ°), 111.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., p. 114.

  25. 25.

    Historique des manifestations maƧonniques internationales, 1907ā€“1929 [1930], (Koblenz: Vereinsdruckerei Gmbh), p. 12.

  26. 26.

    See R. Chickering (1975), Imperial Germany and a World Without War: The Peace Movement and German Society, 1892ā€“1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press); W. Gƶhring (2006), VerdrƤngt und Vergessenā€”FriedensnobelpreistrƤger. Alfred Hermann Fried (Wien: Kremayr & Scheriau); B. Tuider (2010), Alfred Hermann Fried. Pazifist im Ersten Weltkriegā€”Illusion und Vision (SaarbrĆ¼cken: Vdm).

  27. 27.

    P.-Y. Beaurepaire (2002), Lā€™Europe des francs-maƧons, XVIII e -XXI e siĆØcles (Paris: Belin), p. 239.

  28. 28.

    See M. R. Lino Garnel (2004), A RepĆŗblica de SebastiĆ£o de MagalhĆ£es Lima (Lisboa: Livros Horizonte); A. Ventura (2011), MagalhĆ£es Lima. Um idealista impenitente (Lisboa: Assemblea da RepĆŗblica).

  29. 29.

    J. Lalouette, EspƩranto, in E. Saunier, ed. (2000), EncyclopƩdie de la Franc-MaƧonnerie (Paris: Librairie GƩnƩrale FranƧaise), p. 275.

  30. 30.

    See J. A. Ferrer Benimeli, M. de Paz Sanchez, Masonerƭa y pacifismo en la EspaƱa contemporƔnea (Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza).

  31. 31.

    See Y. Hivert Messeca, Le Droit Humain, in E. Saunier, ed. (2000), EncyclopĆ©die de la Franc-MaƧonnerie, cit., pp. 223ā€“226; A. Prat (2004), Lā€™Ordre maƧonnique le Droit Humain (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France).

  32. 32.

    See Histoire de la FĆ©dĆ©ration belge du Droit Humain, vol. 1, Des origines Ć  la guerre de 1940ā€“1945 (1978), (Bruxelles: Editions du Droit Humain).

  33. 33.

    E. Quartier-la-Tente (1905), Le Bureau international des relations maƧonniques, p. 38.

  34. 34.

    ā€˜La MaƧonnerie anglaise nā€™[avait] pris aucune part Ć  cette œuvre et la plupart des Grandes Loges des Etats-Unis nā€™[avaient] pas rĆ©pondu aux lettres, brochures, annuaires et volumes qui leur [avaient] Ć©tĆ© adressĆ©s pendant 18 ansā€™, E. Quartier-la-Tente (1920), Le Bureau international des relations maƧonniques pendant les 18 premiĆØres annĆ©es de son existence. Son histoire, son but, ses difficultĆ©s, son activitĆ©, son avenir, 1902ā€“1920 (Berne: Impr. BĆ¼chler), p. 50.

  35. 35.

    See F. Conti (2015), ā€˜From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great Warā€™, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (5): 640ā€“662.

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Conti, F. (2017). The Masonic International and the Peace Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. In: Olmstead, J. (eds) Reconsidering Peace and Patriotism during the First World War. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51301-0_2

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