Abstract
This chapter introduces most widely used reactive power compensators considering the recent advances seen in industrial applications. In order to provide better and deeper knowledge for authors, the basic principles of reactive power compensation and symmetrical systems are presented primarily. The theoretical backgrounds are discussed by comparing each approach and application types in detail. The remainder of the chapter is organized by considering the comprehensive figure that is illustrated in the third section. Thereby, the first generation conventional compensators and lately improved FACTS are introduced in the following sections. Furthermore, the compensation devices are also listed according to their integration to transmission line as shunt, series, and shunt-series devices. The circuit diagrams and control characteristics of each compensation device are presented with its analytical expressions. The power flow control, voltage and current modifications, and stability issues are illustrated with phasor diagrams in order to create further knowledge on operation principles for each device. The comparisons are associated with similar devices and emerging technologies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
W. Hofmann, J. Schlabbach, W. Just, Reactive Power Compensation: A Practical Guide, First Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2012.
P.R. Sharma, A. Kumar, N. Kumar, Optimal Location for Shunt Connected FACTS Devices in a Series Compensated Long Transmission Line, Turk J. Elec. Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 321–328, 2007.
M. Beza, Control of Energy Storage Equipped Shunt-Connected Converter for Electric Power System Stability Enhancement, Thesis, Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2012.
E. Acha, V. Agelidis, O. Anaya, T.J.E. Miller, Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems, Newnes Power Engineering Series, ISBN-13: 978-0750651264, 2002.
H. Amaris, M.A. Carlos, A. Ortega, Reactive Power Management of Power Networks with Wind Generation, Lecture Notes in Energy, Springer-Verlag, London, 2013.
E.H. Watanabe, M. Aredes, P.G. Barbosa, F.K. de Araujo Lima, R.F. da Silva Dias, G. Santos Jr., 32 - Power Electronic Control in Electrical Systems, Power Electronics Handbook, Third Edition, Edited by Muhammad H. Rashid, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 851–877, 2011.
X.P. Zhang, C. Rehtanz, B. Pal, Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012.
T. Petersson, Reactive Power Compensation, ABB Technical Report, no. 500-028E, pp. 1–25, Dec. 1993.
F. Shahnia, et al. (Eds.), Static Compensators (STATCOMs) in Power Systems, Springer Science+Business Media, Singapore, 2015.
H.K. Tyll, F. Schettle, Historical Overview on Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation Solutions from the Begin of AC Power Transmission Towards Present Applications, Power Systems Conference and Exposition, pp. 1–7, 15–18 March 2009.
J. Dixon, L. Moran, J. Rodriguez, R. Domke, Reactive Power Compensation Technologies: State-of-the-Art Review, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 2144–2164, Dec. 2005.
A.A. Edris, et al., Proposed Terms and Definitions for Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1848–1853, October 1997.
N. Flourentzou, V.G. Agelidis, G.D. Demetriades, VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592–602, March 2009.
K. Kalyan, M.L. Sen, Introduction to FACTS Controllers, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 2009.
L. Gyugyi, Power Electronics in Electric Utilities: Static VAR Compensators, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 483–494, Apr. 1988.
L. Liu, H. Li, Y. Xue, W. Liu, Reactive Power Compensation and Optimization Strategy for Grid-Interactive Cascaded Photovoltaic Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 188–202, Jan. 2015.
H. Akagi, E.H. Watanebe, M. Aredes, Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, IEEE Press, 2007.
F.L. Luo, H. Ye, M. Rashid, Digital Power Electronics and Applications, ISBN: 0-1208-8757-6, Elsevier, USA, 2005.
J. Brochu, F. Beauregard, J. Lemay, P. Pelletier, R.J. Marceau, Steady-State Analysis of Power Flow Controllers Using the Power Controller Plane, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1024–1031, Jul. 1999.
U.N. Khan, T.S. Sidhu, A Phase-Shifting Transformer Protection Technique Based on Directional Comparison Approach, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 2315–2323, Oct. 2014.
R. Baker, G. Guth, W. Egli, P. Eglin, Control Algorithm for a Static Phase Shifting Transformer to Enhance Transient and Dynamic Stability of Large Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and System, vol. PAS-101, no. 9, pp. 3532–3542, Sept. 1982.
R. Mihalic, P. Zunko, Phase-Shifting Transformer with Fixed Phase between Terminal Voltage and Voltage Boost: Tool for Transient Stability Margin Enhancement, IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 142, no. 3, pp. 257–262, May 1995.
J. Verboomen, D. Van Hertem, P.H. Schavemaker, W.L. Kling, R. Belmans, Analytical Approach to Grid Operation with Phase Shifting Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 41–46, Feb. 2008.
J. Mescua, A Decoupled Method for Systematic Adjustments of Phase-Shifting and Tap-Changing Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-104, no. 9, pp. 2315, 2321, Sept. 1985
Ch.N. Huang, Feature Analysis of Power Flows Based on the Allocations of Phase-Shifting Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 266–272, Feb. 2003.
K.R. Padiyar, FACTS: Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution, Anshan Publishers, 1st Edition (August 15, 2009), 978-1848290105.
A.K. Chakravorti, A.E. Emanuel, A Current Regulated Switched Capacitor Static Volt Ampere Reactive Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 986–997, Jul./Aug. 1994.
H. Jin, G. Goos, L. Lopes, An Efficient Switched-Reactor-Based Static VAr Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 998–1005, Jul./Aug. 1994.
S. Mori, K. Matsuno, M. Takeda, M. Seto, Development of a Large Static Var Generator Using Self-Commutated Inverters for Improving Power System Stability, IEEE Transactions Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 371–377, February 1993.
R. Mohan Mathur, R.K. Varma, Thyristor Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission Systems, ISBN: 978-0-471-20643-9, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002.
B. Singh, K.V. Srinivas, Three-Level 12-Pulse STATCOM with Constant DC Link Voltage, 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), pp. 1–4, 18–20 Dec. 2009.
S.R. Barik, B. Nayak, S. Dash, A Comparative Analysis of Three Level VSC Based Multi-Pulse STATCOM, International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1550–1563, Jun.–Jul. 2014.
N. Voraphonpiput, S. Chatratana, Analysis of Quasi 24-Pulse STATCOM Operation and Control Using ATP-EMTP, IEEE Region 10 Conference TENCON 2004, vol. C, pp. 359–362, 21–24 Nov. 2004.
B. Singh, R. Saha, A New 24-Pulse STATCOM for Voltage Regulation, Int. Conf. on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, pp. 1–5, 12–15 Dec. 2006.
K.V. Srinivas, B. Singh, Three-Level 24-Pulse STATCOM with Pulse Width Control at Fundamental Frequency Switching, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), pp. 1–6, 3–7 Oct. 2010.
I. Colak, E. Kabalci, R. Bayindir, Review of Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter Topologies and Control Schemes, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1114–1128, February 2011.
I. Colak, E. Kabalci, Practical Implementation of a Digital Signal Processor Controlled Multilevel Inverter with Low Total Harmonic Distortion for Motor Drive Applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 18, pp. 7585–7593, 2011.
I. Colak, E. Kabalci, Developing a Novel Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Technique to Eliminate Side Band Harmonics, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 44, pp. 861–871, 2013.
I. Colak, E. Kabalci, Implementation of Energy Efficient Inverter for Renewable Energy Sources, Electric Power Components and Systems, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 31–46, 2013.
D. Soto, T.C. Green, A Comparison of High-Power Converter Topologies for the Implementation of FACTS Controllers, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1072–1080, Oct. 2012.
L. Gyugyi, C.D. Schauder, K.K. Sen, Static Synchronous Series Compensator: A Solid-State Approach to the Series Compensation of Transmission Lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 406–417, Jan. 1997.
A.C. Pradhan, P.W. Lehn, Frequency-Domain Analysis of the Static Synchronous Series Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 440–449, Jan. 2006.
M. Farahani, “Damping of Subsynchronous Oscillations in Power System Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 539–544, Jun. 2012.
M. Saradarzadeh, S. Farhangi, J.L. Schanen, P.O. Jeannin, D. Frey, Application of Cascaded H-Bridge Distribution-Static Synchronous Series Compensator in Electrical Distribution System Power Flow Control, IET Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 1660–1675, Nov. 2012.
X.P. Zhang, Advanced Modeling of the Multi-Control Functional Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in Newton Power Flow, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1410–1416, Nov. 2003.
R. Benabid, M. Boudour, M.A. Abido, Development of a New Power Injection Model with Embedded Multi-Control Functions for Static Synchronous Series Compensator, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 680–692, Jul. 2012.
R. Natesan, G. Radman, Effects of STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC on Voltage Stability, Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, pp. 546–550, 2004.
C. Rehtanz, Dynamic Power Flow Controllers for Transmission Corridors, IREP Symposium Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control - VII, Revitalizing Operational Reliability, pp. 1–9, 19–24 Aug. 2007.
N. Johansson, Aspects on Dynamic Power Flow Controllers and Related Devices for Increased Flexibility in Electric Power Systems, Royal Institute of Technology School of Electrical Engineering Division of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, PhD. Dissertation, Stockholm, 2011.
U. Hager, K. Gorner, C. Rehtanz, Hardware Model of a Dynamic Power Flow Controller, IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, pp. 1–6, 19–23 Jun. 2011.
R. Ahmadi, A. Sheykholeslami, A.N. Niaki, H. Ghaffari, Power Flow Control and Solutions with Dynamic Flow Controller, IEEE Canada Electric Power Conference, EPEC 2008, pp. 1–6, 6–7 Oct. 2008.
J. Dorn, H. Huang, D. Retzmann H., Multilevel Voltage-Sourced Converters for HVDC and FACTS Applications, Cigre SC B4 Colloquium, Bergen and Ullensvang, pp. 1–8, Norway, 2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kabalci, E. (2017). Reactive Power Compensation in AC Power Systems. In: Mahdavi Tabatabaei, N., Jafari Aghbolaghi, A., Bizon, N., Blaabjerg, F. (eds) Reactive Power Control in AC Power Systems. Power Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51118-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51118-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51117-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51118-4
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)