Abstract
Modified 9Cr–1Mo steel exhibited dynamic strain ageing (DSA) in the temperature range from 523 to 673 K and it was established on the basis of plateau/peak in yield and tensile strength, minima in ductility and serrations in stress–strain curve. High density of dislocations and typical features like dislocation debris, kinks and bowing of dislocations was observed in the regime of DSA. This steel exhibited cyclic softening irrespective of the strain amplitude, strain rate, and temperature. The observed cyclic softening is associated with many factors like cell formation at room temperature and additionally annihilation of array of dislocations at 573 K, in addition to coarsening of carbides at 873 K.
References
R.L. Klueh, A.T. Nelson, Ferritic/martensitic steels for next-generation reactors. J. Nucl. Mater. 371, 37–52 (2008)
S.L. Mannan, S.C. Chetal, B. Raj, S.B. Bhoje, Selection of materials for prototype fast breeder reactor. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 56, 155–178 (2003)
B. Raj, S.L. Mannan, P.R.V. Rao, M.D. Mathew, Development of fuels and structural materials for fast breeder reactors. Sadhana 27, 527–558 (2002)
B. Raj, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Annual Technical Report (2010) 1–248
W. Jones, C. Hills, D. Polonis, Microstructural evolution of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. Metall. Trans. A 22, 1049–1058 (1991)
V. Paul, S. Saroja, M. Vijayalakshmi, Microstructural stability of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel during long term exposures at elevated temperatures. J. Nucl. Mater. 378, 273–281 (2008)
K.B.S. Rao, M. Valsan, R. Sandhya, S.L. Mannan, P. Rodriguez, Dynamic strain ageing effects in low cycle fatigue. High Temp. Mater. Processes (London) 7, 171–178 (1986)
S. Mannan, Role of dynamic strain ageing in low cycle fatigue. Bull. Mater. Sci. 16, 561–582 (1993)
P. Rodriguez, Serrated plastic flow. Bull. Mater. Sci. 6, 653–663 (1984)
K.S. Chandravathi, K. Laha, P. Parameswaran, M.D. Mathew, Effect of microstructure on the critical strain to onset of serrated flow in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 89, 162–169 (2012)
R. Kishore, R.N. Singh, T.K. Sinha, B.P. Kashyap, Effect of dynamic strain ageing on the tensile properties of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 437–442 (1997)
C. Keller, M.M. Margulies, Z. Hadjem-Hamouche, I. Guillot, Influence of the temperature on the tensile behaviour of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 527, 6758–6764 (2010)
A.K. Roy, P. Kumar, D. Maitra, Dynamic strain ageing of P91 grade steels of varied silicon content. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 499, 379–386 (2009)
M.D. Mathew, K. Laha, R. Sandhya, Creep and low cycle fatigue behaviour of fast reactor structural materials. Procedia Eng. 55, 17–26 (2013)
R. Kannan, V. Sankar, R. Sandhya, M.D. Mathew, Comparative evaluation of the low cycle fatigue behaviours of P91 and P92 steels. Procedia Eng. 55, 149–153 (2013)
D.W. Kim, S.S. Kim, Contribution of microstructure and slip system to cyclic softening of 9Wt.%Cr steel. Int. J. Fatigue 36, 24–29 (2012)
V. Shankar, M. Valsan, K.B.S. Rao, S.D. Pathak, Low cycle fatigue and creep-fatigue interaction behavior of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel and its weld joint. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 63, 622–627 (2010)
V. Shankar, M. Valsan, K.B.S. Rao, R. Kannan, S.L. Mannan, S.D. Pathak, Low cycle fatigue behavior and microstructural evolution of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 437, 413–422 (2006)
V. Shankar, V. Bauer, R. Sandhya, M.D. Mathew, H.J. Christ, Low Cycle fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel at elevated temperatures. J. Nucl. Mater. 420, 23–30 (2012)
G. Ebi, A. Mcevily, Effect of processing on the high temperature low cycle fatigue properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. 7, 299–314 (1984)
X. Gong, P. Marmy, A. Volodin et al., Multiscale investigation of quasi-brittle fracture characteristics in a 9Cr–1Mo ferritic–martensitic steel embrittled by liquid lead-bismuth under low cycle fatigue. Corros. Sci. 102, 137–152 (2016)
X. Gong, P. Marmy, L. Qin, B. Verlinden, M. Wevers, M. Seefeldt, Temperature dependence of liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel under low cycle fatigue in lead bismuth eutectic at 160–450 °C. J. Nucl. Mater. 468, 289–298 (2016)
S. Nishino, K.S. Shiozawa, A. Kojima, Y. Yamamoto, Influence of thermal forged aging and notch on low cycle fatigue strength of steel at elevated temperature. J. Soc. Mater. Sci., Japan 48, 610–615 (1999)
S. Kim, J.R. Weertman, Investigation of microstructural changes in a ferritic steel caused by high temperature fatigue. Metall. Trans. 19A, 999–1007 (1988)
K. Guguloth, S. Sivaprasad, D. Chakrabarti, S. Tarafder, Low cyclic fatigue behavior of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel at elevated temperature. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 604, 196–206 (2014)
A. Nagesha, M. Valsan, R. Kannan, K.B.S. Rao, S.L. Mannan, Influence of temperature on the low cycle fatigue behaviour of a modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic steel. Int. J. Fatigue 24, 1285–1293 (2002)
A. Nagesha, R. Kannan, G.V.S. Sastry et al., Isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue studies on a modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic martensitic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 554, 95–104 (2012)
P. Verma, R.G. Sudhakar, P. Chellapandi, G.S. Mahobia, K. Chattopadhyay, N.C. Santhi Srinivas, V. Singh, Dynamic strain ageing, deformation, and fracture behavior of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 621, 39–51 (2015)
S. Harper, Precipitation of carbon and nitrogen in cold-worked alpha-iron. Phys. Rev. 83, 710–712 (1951)
R.W. Balluffi, On measurements of self-diffusion rates along dislocations in F.C.C. metals. Physica Status Solidi (B) 42, 11–34 (1970)
L. Cuddy, W. Leslie, Some aspects of serrated yielding in substitutional solid solutions of iron. Acta Metall. 20, 1157–1167 (1972)
R.A. Mulford, U.F. Kocks, New observations on the mechanisms of dynamic strain aging and of jerky flow. Acta Metall. 27, 1125–1134 (1979)
A. Sleeswyk, Slow strain-hardening of ingot iron. Acta Metall. 6, 598–603 (1958)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
About this paper
Cite this paper
Singh, V., Verma, P. (2017). Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel at Elevated Temperatures. In: Charit, I., Zhu, Y., Maloy, S., Liaw, P. (eds) Mechanical and Creep Behavior of Advanced Materials. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51097-2_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51097-2_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51096-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51097-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)