Abstract
The most dominant rationale in the policy discourse is the financial incentive to recruit international students. At its heart is the premise that the UK needs more money and that direct international recruitment is an appropriate, effective means of obtaining it.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Archer, W., & Cheng, J. (2012). Tracking international graduate outcomes 2011. BIS Research Paper Number 62. London: Department for Business, Innovation and Services.
Ashwin, P., Abbas, A., & McLean, M. (2015). Representations of a high-quality system of undergraduate education in English higher education policy documents. Studies in Higher Education, 40(4), 610–623.
Askehave, I. (2007). The impact of marketization on higher education genres—The international student prospectus as a case in point. Discourse Studies, 9(6), 723–742.
Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Frenchs Forest, AU: Pearson Higher Education.
Barnes, B. R. (2007). Analysing service quality: The case of post-graduate Chinese students. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 18(3), 313–331.
Bartram, B., & Bailey, C. (2010). Assessment preferences: A comparison of UK/international students at an English university. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 15(2), 177–187.
Belcher, J. (1987). The recruitment of international students: The British experience, 1979–1987 and the way forward. Journal of Tertiary Education Administration, 9(2), 127–144. doi:10.1080/0157603870090203.
Bird, R. (1994). Reflections on the British government and higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 48(2), 73–86.
Blair, T. (1999, June 18). Attracting more international students. [Speech to London School of Economics launching Prime Minister’s Initiative]. London. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060130194436, http://number10.gov.uk/page3369. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
Blair, T. (2004, April 27). Migration. [Speech to the Confederation of British Industry]. London. Available at http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/apr/27/immigrationpolicy.speeches. Accessed 05 Nov 2013.
Blair, T. (2006, April 18). Why we must attract more students from overseas. The Guardian. Available at http://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/apr/18/internationalstudents.politics/print. Accessed 10 Nov 2013.
Böhm, A., Follari, M., Hewett, A., Jones, S., Kemp, N., Meares, D., et al. (2004). Vision 2020: Forecasting international student mobility, a UK perspective. London: British Council, Universities UK, IDP Education Australia and Education UK.
Bolsmann, C., & Miller, H. (2008). International student recruitment to universities in England: Discourse, rationales and globalisation. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 6(1), 75–88.
Bone, S. D. (2008). Internationalisation of HE, a ten-year view. London: UK HE International Unit. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, http://www.dius.gov.uk/policy/int_issues_in_HE.html.
British Council. (1999). Building a world class brand for British education: The brand report. Manchester: British Council Education Counselling Service.
British Council. (2000a). Realising our potential: A strategic framework for making UK education the first choice for international students. London: British Council Education Counselling Service.
British Council. (2000b). Annual report: 1999–2000. London: British Council.
British Council. (2003). Education UK: Positioning for success. [Consultation document]. London: British Council.
British Council. (2010). Making it happen: The Prime Minister’s initiative for international education. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
British Council. (2012a). Trust pays: How international cultural relationships build trust in the UK and underpin the success of the UK economy. London: British Council.
British Council. (2012b). The shape of things to come: Higher education global trends and emerging opportunities to 2020. Going Global 2012. London: British Council.
Brown, G. (2009, 12 November). Immigration. [Speech in Ealing]. London.
Brown, G. (2010, 31 March). Controlling immigration for a fairer society. [Speech]. London.
Brown, R., & Carasso, H. (2013). Everything for sale?: The marketisation of UK higher education. London: Routledge.
Buller, J., & James, T. S. (2012). Statecraft and the assessment of national political leaders: The case of New Labour and Tony Blair. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 14(4), 534–555.
Cameron, D. (2011a, April 14). Immigration. [Speech to Conservative Party members]. London.
Cameron, D. (2011b, October 10). Immigration. [Speech to the Institute for Government]. London.
Cerna, L. (2011). Policy primer: Selecting the best and the brightest. Oxford: The Migration Observatory. Available at www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk. Accessed 6 April 2015.
Cerna, L. (2014). Attracting high-skilled immigrants: Policies in comparative perspective. International Migration, 52(3), 69–75.
Clark, G. (2015, February 9). Higher education: Funding and co-operation. [Speech to Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) Annual Conference 2015]. London.
Collins, F. L. (2006). Making Asian students, making students Asian: The racialisation of export education in Auckland, New Zealand. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 47(2), 217–234. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8373.2006.00308.x.
Conlon, G., Litchfield, A., & Sadlier, G. (2011). Estimating the value to the UK of education exports. BIS Research Paper Number 46. London: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
Department for Education and Skills. (2003). The future of higher education. London: HMSO (CM 5735).
Department for Education and Skills. (2004). Putting the world into world-class education: An international strategy for education, skills and children’s services. London: HMSO.
Department for Education and Skills. (2006). Prime Minister Blair launches strategy to make UK leader in international education. [Press release]. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080524111138, http://www.britainusa.com/sections/articles_show_nt1.asp?d=0&i=41075&L1=41075&L2=41009&a=41689&pv=1. Accessed 19 Nov 2013.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2009). Higher ambitions: The future of universities in a knowledge economy. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, http:/www.bis.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/publications/Higher-Ambitions.pdf. Accessed 24 Nov 2012.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2011). Higher education: Students at the heart of the system. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31384/11-944-higher-education-students-at-heart-of-system.pdf. Accessed 11 Nov 2012.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2013a). International education: Global growth and prosperity. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/227033/BIS-13-1081-International_Education-_Global_Growth_and_Prosperity-_Accessible__2_.pdf. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2013b). International education – Global growth and prosperity: An accompanying analytical narrative. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-education-strategy-global-growth-and-prosperity. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2013c, July 29). New push to grow UK’s £17.5 billion education exports industry. [Press release]. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills. Available at http://news.bis.gov.uk/Press-Releases/New-push-to-grow-UK-s-17-5-billion-education-exports-industry-690a3.aspx. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
Department of Innovation Universities and Skills. (2009). Prime Minister’s INITIATIVE (PMI) [Press release]. Available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, http://www.dius.gov.uk/international/pmi/index.html Accessed 05 Nov 2013.
De Vita, G., & Case, P. (2003). Rethinking the internationalisation agenda in UK higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27(4), 383–398.
Devos, A. (2003). Academic standards, internationalisation, and the discursive construction of “the international student”. Higher Education Research and Development, 22(2), 155–166.
Dill, D. D. (1997). Higher education markets and public policy. Higher Education Policy, 10(3–4), 167–185.
Dodds, A. (2009). Liberalization and the public sector: The pre-eminent role of governments in the ‘sale’ of higher education abroad. Public Administration, 87(2), 397–411.
DTZ. (2011). Prime Minister’s initiative for international education phase 2 (PMI2). London: DTZ.
Düvell, F., & Jordan, B. (2003). Immigration control and the management of economic migration in the United Kingdom: organisational culture, implementation, enforcement and identity processes in public services. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(2), 299–336.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Harlow: Pearson.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge.
Geddie, K. (2014). Policy mobilities in the race for talent: Competitive state strategies in international student mobility. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40(2), 235–248.
Giroux, H. (2002). Neoliberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: The university as a democratic public sphere. Harvard educational review, 72(4), 425–464.
Harman, G. (2004). New directions in internationalizing higher education: Australia’s development as an exporter of higher education services. Higher Education Policy, 17(1), 101–120. doi:10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300044.
Hart, D. J., & Coates, N. F. (2010). International student complaint behaviour: How do East Asian students complain to their university? Journal of Further and Higher Education, 34(3), 303–319.
Hawthorne, L. (2010). Demography, migration and demand for international students. In C. C. Findlay & W. G. Tierney (Eds.), Globalisation and tertiary education in the Asia-Pacific: The changing nature of a dynamic market (pp. 93–119). Singapore: World Scientific.
Hazelkorn, E. (2011). Rankings and the reshaping of higher education: The battle for world class excellence. Basingstoke: MacMillan.
Healey, N. M. (2008). Is higher education in really ‘internationalising’? Higher Education, 55(3), 333–355.
Higher Education Funding Council for England. (2014). Charities act 2011. Available at http://www.hefce.ac.uk/reg/charityreg/ca2011/. Accessed 20 July 2015.
HM Treasury, and Department for Business Innovation and Skills. (2011). The plan for growth. London: HMSO. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31584/2011budget_growth.pdf. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
Home Affairs Committee. (2009). Bogus colleges: Eleventh report of session 2008–2009. London: House of Commons.
Home Affairs Committee. (2011). Student visas: Seventh report of session 2010–2011. London: House of Commons.
Office, Home. (2002). Secure borders, safe haven: Integration with diversity in modern Britain. London: HMSO.
Home Office. (2006). A points-based system: Making migration work for Britain. London: HMSO. Available at http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm67/6741/6741.pdf. Accessed 01 Dec 2013.
Home Office. (2012). Statement of policy for changes to the points-based system. London: Home Office.
Home Office. (2013a). Controlling immigration – Regulating migrant access to health services in the UK consultation document. London: Home Office. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/migrant-access-to-health-services-in-the-UK. Accessed 21 Dec 2013.
Home Office. (2013b). Strengthening and simplifying the civil penalty scheme to prevent illegal working: results of the public consultation. London: Home Office. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/249531/Results_of_the_consultation_on_illegal_working.pdf. Accessed 21 Dec 2013.
Home Office. (2013c). Tackling illegal immigration in privately rented accommodation: Consultation document. London: Home Office. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/tackling-illegal-immigration-in-privately-rented-accommodation. Accessed 21 Dec 2013.
Home Office. (2013d). Government response to the fourth report from the business, innovation and skills committee session 2012–2013. HC 425 on Overseas Students and Net Migration. London: Home Office. Accessed 13 July 2013.
Home Office. (2016). Government’s new Immigration Skills Charge to incentivise training of British workers. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/overseas-students-to-help-uk-businesses. Accessed 31 May 2016.
Humfrey, C. (2011). The long and winding road: A review of the policy, practice and development of the internationalisation of higher education in the UK. Teachers and Teaching, 17(6), 649–661.
Mori, Ipsos. (2006). The international student experience report 2006. Bristol: Ipsos Mori.
Jenkins, M. (2014). On the effects and implications of UK Border Agency involvement in higher education. The Geographical Journal, 180(3), 265–270.
Johnson, J. (2015, June 1). International higher education. [Speech to the Going Global conference]. London.
Kell, P. M., & Vogl, G. J. (2008). Trans-national education: The politics of mobility, migration and the wellbeing of international students. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 4(1), 21–31.
Kemp, N. (2016). The international education market: Some emerging trends. International Higher Education, 85, 13–15.
Kemp, N., Archer, W., Gilligan, C., & Humfrey, C. (2008). The UK’s competitive advantage: The market for international research students. London: UK HE International Unit.
Kharas, H. (2010). The emerging middle class in developing countries. Working paper no. 285. Paris: OECD Development Centre.
Kogan, M., & Hanney, S. (2000). Reforming higher education. (Kindle) London: Jessica Kingsley.
Leyland, C. (2011). Does the rebranding of British universities reduce international students to economic resources? A critical discourse analysis. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 5(2), 199–214.
Lomer, S., Papatsiba, V., & Naidoo, R. (2016). Constructing a national higher education brand for the UK: Positional competition and promised capitals. Studies in Higher Education. Available from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03075079.2016.1157859.
Lynch, K. (2006). Neo-liberalism and marketisation: The implications for higher education. European Educational Research Journal, 5(1), 1–17.
Ma, A. H. S. (2010, December 6–9). International student recruitment to universities in Taiwan: Changing discourses and agendas. Australian Sociological Association (TASA) 2010 Conference. Macquarie University Sydney, Australia. TASA. Available at https://www.tasa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/MaAi-hsuan.pdf. Accessed 19 October 2015.
Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2009). Engaged pedagogy and responsibility: A postcolonial analysis of international students. Geoforum, 40(1), 34–45.
Madge, C., Raghuram, P., & Noxolo, P. (2014). Conceptualizing international education from international student to international study. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), 681–701.
Marginson, S. (1997). Markets in higher education. Crows Nest, AU: Allen and Unwin.
Marginson, S. (2006). Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education. Higher Education, 52(1), 1–39.
Marginson, S. (2014). Student self-formation in international education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 6–22.
Marginson, S. (2016). Public/private in higher education: A synthesis of economic and political approaches. Studies in Higher Education, pp. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1168797.
Marginson, S., Nyland, C., Sawir, E., & Forbes-Mewett, H. (2010). International student security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marginson, S., & van der Wende, M. (2007). To rank or to be ranked: The impact of global rankings in higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 306–329.
Matross Helms, R., Rumbley, L. E., Brajkovic, L., & Mihut, G. (2015). Internationalizing higher education worldwide: National policies and programs. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
May, T. (2010a). Immigration. [Speech to Policy Exchange]. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/immigration-home-secretarys-speech-of-5-November-2010. Accessed 17 July 2013.
May, T. (2010b). Immigration limit changes. London: House of Commons. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/immigration-limit-changes-oral-statement-by-theresa-may. Accessed 01 Dec 2013.
Mazzarol, T., & Soutar, G. N. (2002). “Push-pull” factors influencing international student destination choice. International Journal of Educational Management, 16(2), 82–90.
Mellors-Bourne, R., Humfrey, C., Kemp, N., & Woodfield, S. (2013). The wider benefits of international higher education in the UK. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.
Migration Advisory Committee (MAC). (2010). Limits on migration: Limits on tier 1 and tier 2 for 2011/12 and supporting policies. London: Migration Advisory Committee.
Migration Watch. (2015). International students and post study work - Do employers need them? Guildford: Migration Watch. Available from http://www.migrationwatchuk.org/pdfs/BP2_31.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2015.
Molesworth, M., Nixon, E., & Scullion, R. (2009). Having, being and higher education: The marketisation of the university and the transformation of the student into consumer. Teaching in Higher Education, 14(3), 277–287.
Naidoo, R. (2007a). Higher education as a global commodity: The perils and promises for developing countries. London: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
Naidoo, R., & Williams, J. (2014). The neoliberal regime in English higher education: Charters, consumers and the erosion of the public good. Critical Studies in Education. doi:10.1080/17508487.2014.939098.
Naidoo, R., Shankar, A., & Veer, E. (2011). The consumerist turn in higher education: Policy aspirations and outcomes. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(11–12), 1142–1162.
Naidoo, V. (2007b). Research on the flow of international students to UK universities: Determinants and implications. Journal of Research in International Education, 6(3), 287–307. doi:10.1177/1475240907083197.
Nyland, C., Forbes-Mewett, H., Marginson, S., Ramia, G., Sawir, E., & Smith, S. (2009). International student-workers in Australia: A new vulnerable workforce. Journal of Education and Work, 22(1), 1–14.
Olssen, M., & Peters, M. A. (2005). Neoliberalism, higher education and the knowledge economy: From the free market to knowledge capitalism. Journal of Education Policy, 20(3), 313–345.
Pamment, J. (2015). Putting the GREAT back into Britain: National identity, public-private collaboration & transfers of brand equity in 2012’s global promotional campaign. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 17(2), 260–283.
Pereda, M., Airey, D., & Bennett, M. (2007). Service quality in higher education: The experience of overseas students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(2), 55–67.
Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. (2012). International students studying in the UK - Guidance for UK higher education providers. Gloucester: The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education.
Raghuram, P. (2008). Governing the mobility of skills. In C. Gabrielle & H. Pellerin (Eds.), Governing international labour migration: Current issues, challenges and dilemmas (pp. 81–94). London: Routledge.
Rivza, B., & Teichler, U. (2007). The changing role of student mobility. Higher Education Policy, 20(4), 457–475. doi:10.1057/palgrave.hep.8300163.
Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. (2010). Globalizing education policy. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at https://books.google.co.uk/books Accessed 22 Nov 2015.
Robertson, S. (2011). Cash cows, backdoor migrants, or activist citizens? International students, citizenship, and rights in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(12), 2192–2211. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.558590.
Robertson, S. L. (2010). Globalising UK higher education. London: Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education. Available at http://www.llakes.org.
Robertson, S. L., Bonal, X., & Dale, R. (2002). GATS and the education service industry: The politics of scale and global reterritorialization. Comparative Education Review, 46(4), 472–495.
Roche, B. (2000). UK migration in a global economy. [Speech to the Institute of Public Policy Research]. Available at http://m.ippr.org/events/54/5875/uk-migration-in-a-global-economy. Accessed 24 Dec 2013.
Rose, N., & Miller, P. (2008). Governing the present: Administering economic, social and personal life. Cambridge: Polity Press. Available at http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks. Downloaded 14 Sep 2014.
Russell Group. (2010). Funding higher education: Part 1. Staying on top: The challenge of sustaining world-class higher education in the UK. Russell Group Papers, 2. London: The Russell Group.
Sabri, D. (2011). What’s wrong with ‘the student experience’? Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 32(5), 657–667.
Sastry, T. (2006). How exposed are English universities to reductions in demand from international students. London: Higher Education Policy Institute.
Shattock, M. (2006). Policy drivers in UK higher education in historical perspective: “Inside out”, “outside in” and the contribution of research. Higher Education Quarterly, 60(2), 130–140. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2273.2006.00313.x.
Shattock, M. (2013). University governance, leadership and management in a decade of diversification and uncertainty. Higher Education Quarterly, 67(3), 217–233. doi:10.1111/hequ.12017.
She, Q., & Wotherspoon, T. (2013). International student mobility and highly skilled migration: A comparative study of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Sociology, Social Work and Family Studies, 2(1), 1–14.
Shu, J. (2012). On the dominant status of American educational market for foreign students since 1980s. International Education Studies, 5(1), 147–153. doi:10.5539/ies.v5n1p147.
Sidhu, R. (2002). Educational brokers in global education markets. Journal of Studies in International Education, 6(1), 16–43. doi:10.1177/1028315302006001003.
Sidhu, R. K. (2006). Universities and globalization: To market, to market. Available at http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks. London: Routledge. Downloaded 28 March 2015.
Sidhu, R. K., & Dall’Alba, G. (2012). International education and (dis)embodied cosmopolitanisms. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44(4), 413–431. doi:doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00722.x.
Sin, I. L. (2009). The aspiration for social distinction: Malaysian students in a British university. Studies in Higher Education, 34(3), 285–299.
Slaughter, S., & Cantwell, B. (2011). Transatlantic moves to the market: The United States and the European Union. Higher Education, 63(5), 583–606. doi:10.1007/s10734-011-9460-9.
Suter, B., & Jandl, M. (2008). Train and retain: National and regional policies to promote the settlement of foreign graduates in knowledge economies. Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l’integration et de la migration internationale, 9(4), 401–418.
Tannock, S. (2009). Global meritocracy, nationalism and the question of whom we must treat equally for educational opportunity to be equal. Critical Studies in Education, 50(2), 201–211. doi:10.1080/17508480902859466.
Tannock, S. (2013). When the demand for educational equality stops at the border: Wealthy students, international students and the restructuring of higher education in the UK. Journal of Education Policy, 28(4), 449–464. doi:10.1080/02680939.2013.764577.
Tham, S. Y. (2010). Trade in higher education services in Malaysia: Key policy challenges. Higher Education Policy, 23(1), 99–122.
Thomas, M. (2013). The problematization of racial/ethnic minority student participation in US study abroad. Applied Linguistics Review, 4(2), 365–390.
The Labour Party. (2005). Britain forward not back: The Labour Party Manifesto. London: Labour Party.
Tight, M. (2006). Changing understandings of ‘public’ and ‘private’ in higher education: The United Kingdom case. Higher Education Quarterly, 60(3), 242–256.
Tilak, J. B. (2008). Higher education: A public good or a commodity for trade? Prospects, 38(4), 449–466.
Trahar, S. (2010). Developing cultural capability in international higher education: A narrative inquiry. London: Routledge. Available from https:/books.google.co.uk. Downloaded April 8 2015.
Tremblay, K. (2005). Academic mobility and immigration. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(3), 196–228. doi:10.1177/1028315305277618.
Trow, M. (2006). Decline of diversity, autonomy, and trust in British education. Society, 43(2), 77–87.
UK Border Agency. (2008). Students under the points based system - (tier 4) statement of intent. London: Home Office.
UK Border Agency. (2010). Overseas students in the immigration system: Types of institution and levels of study. London: Home Office. Available at www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk. Accessed 01 Dec 2013.
UK Border Agency. (2011). Student visas: Statement of intent and transitional measures. London: Home Office. Available at http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/news/sop4.pdf. Accessed 03 Dec 2013.
UK Border Agency. (2013). Tier 4 of the points based system – Policy guidance. London: Home Office. Available at http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/news/summary, http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/applicationforms/pbs/Tier4migrantguidance.pdf-policy.pdf. Accessed 11 Aug 2013.
UK Council for International Student Affairs. (2010). Students’ experiences of extending their visas in the UK under Tier 4. London: UKCISA. Available at www.ukcisa.org.uk. Accessed 26 Dec 2013.
UK Council for Overseas Student Affairs, in association with British Council, The Council for International Education, and The Foreign and Commonwealth Office. (2004). Sources of funding for international students 2004. London: British Council.
UK Trade & Investment. (2014). Overseas students to help UK businesses. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/overseas-students-to-help-uk-businesses. Accessed 31 May 2014.
Universities, U. K. (2013). The funding environment for universities: an assessment. London: Universities UK.
Universities, U. K. (2014). International students in higher education: The UK and its competition. London: Universities UK.
Walker, P. (2014). International student policies in UK higher education from colonialism to the coalition developments and consequences. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(4), 325–344.
Waters, J. L. (2006). Emergent geographies of international education and social exclusion. Antipode, 38(5), 1046–1068.
Williams, J. (2012). Consuming higher education: Why learning can’t be bought. London: Bloomsbury. Available from https://books.google.co.uk. Downloaded 03 April 2015.
Wright, C. F. (2012). Policy legacies, visa reform and the resilience of immigration politics. West European Politics, 35(4), 726–755.
Xiang, B., & Shen, W. (2009). International student migration and social stratification in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(5), 513–522.
Yang, R. (2002). University internationalisation: Its meanings, rationales and implications. Intercultural education, 13(1), 81–95.
Ziguras, C., & Law, S. F. (2006). Recruiting international students as skilled migrants: The global ‘skills race’ as viewed from Australia and Malaysia. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 4(1), 59–76.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lomer, S. (2017). Income: An Economic Rationale and International Students as Economic Contributors. In: Recruiting International Students in Higher Education. Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51073-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51073-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51072-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51073-6
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)