Abstract
Hyponatremia represents a state of excess total body water in relation to body sodium content. The serum sodium level is <135 meq/L.
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References
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Appendix: Common Etiologies of Hyponatremia
Appendix: Common Etiologies of Hyponatremia
Volume status | Clinical conditions |
|---|---|
Hypovolemic (state of volume depletion where primary sodium loss exceeds total body water loss) | Gastroenteritis (loss of sodium with replacement by water) |
Acute tubular necrosis (salt losing nephropathy) | |
Diuretics, e.g., thiazides (increase sodium excretion) | |
Postobstructive diuresis (increased sodium excretion) | |
Hypervolemic (decreased circulating volume but excess extracellular fluid with resultant total body water retention) | Heart failure |
Cirrhosis | |
Nephrotic syndrome | |
Euvolemic (from increased total body water and secondary dilutional reduction in sodium ) | SIADH (inappropriate ADH release in central nervous system disorders, malignancies, recent surgery, Addisons disease, hypothyroidism) |
Medications | |
Pesudohyponatremia (normal osmolality but spurious low sodium level due to hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, hyperproteinemia) |
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Annamalai, A. (2017). Hyponatremia. In: Medical Management of Psychotropic Side Effects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51026-2_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51026-2_16
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