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Toward the End: Corruption, the Family, and Struggles for Succession

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The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

Toward the End: Corruption: The Family, and Struggles for Succession. Chapter 5 discusses: the rise of corruption under Kenyatta; use of public office for personal gain; the matter of conspicuous consumption. Western corporations and corruptions; and the ruling elite as the new collaborators. Mechanics of corruption; a system rigged to favor the ruling elite. Kenyatta and corruption; the extent of his family’s involvement in scandalous corruption. Lack of Western rebuke to Kenyatta, his family or the ruling elite. Why? Disillusionment and evident discontent toward Kenyatta, his brutal response; further assassinations; hints of arrest and resort to further repression and the rise of undiluted ethnic nationalism. A house divided and almost on fire. Toward the end and struggles for succession. A detailed outline of all major politicians and their political inclinations was prepared by the intelligence services and presented to the British government only a few months before Kenyatta’s death. Would Western imperial interests be threatened or jeopardized after Kenyatta? Would radical nationalists reemerge after Kenyatta? In the end, the British were assured that “their man” would take over after Kenyatta. And he did.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Colin Legum, Africa Since Independence (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), p. 27.

  2. 2.

    MAC 71/8/57 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya.

  3. 3.

    MAC 71/8/57(Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya.

  4. 4.

    MAC 71/8/57(Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya.

  5. 5.

    Daily Nation (November 10, 1965), p. 1.

  6. 6.

    Daily Nation (November 10, 1965), p. 1.

  7. 7.

    Daily Nation (November 11, 1965), p. 1.

  8. 8.

    Daily Nation (November 18, 1965), p. 1.

  9. 9.

    MAC 71/8/57 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya.

  10. 10.

    Daily Nation (February 24, 1966), p. 1.

  11. 11.

    Daily Nation (July 1, 1966), p. 1.

  12. 12.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 447.

  13. 13.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  14. 14.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  15. 15.

    MAC 71/8/84 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Tribalism in Kenya.

  16. 16.

    Gerard Loughran, Birth of a NATION: The Story of a Newspaper in Kenya, p. 85.

  17. 17.

    Daily Nation (February 4, 1966), p. 1.

  18. 18.

    Daily Nation (February 10, 1966), p. 1.

  19. 19.

    MAC 71/8/57 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya.

  20. 20.

    MAC 71/8/57 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Corruption in Kenya. Pumphrey added that in the case of the Rolls-Royce car, “the implicit charge was ostentation, not corruption.”

  21. 21.

    Daily Nation (February 10, 1966), p. 6.

  22. 22.

    Daily Nation (May 29, 1969), p. 1.

  23. 23.

    Daily Nation (May 29, 1969), p. 1.

  24. 24.

    Daily Nation (May 29, 1969), p. 4.

  25. 25.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  26. 26.

    The Weekly Review (May 12, 1975), p. 9.

  27. 27.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  28. 28.

    The Weekly Review (May 12, 1975), p. 8.

  29. 29.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 5.

  30. 30.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 5.

  31. 31.

    Hilary Ng’weno , “Cold Feet Over Corruption,” The Weekly Review, (June 9, 1975), p. 3.

  32. 32.

    Hilary Ng’weno, “Cold Feet Over Corruption,” p. 3.

  33. 33.

    The Weekly Review (June 2, 1975), p. 17.

  34. 34.

    The Weekly Review (June 30, 1975,) p. 11.

  35. 35.

    Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, p. 171.

  36. 36.

    The Weekly Review (May 19, 1975), p. 13.

  37. 37.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 6.

  38. 38.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 7.

  39. 39.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 8.

  40. 40.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 10.

  41. 41.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 10.

  42. 42.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 9.

  43. 43.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 11.

  44. 44.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 6.

  45. 45.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 10.

  46. 46.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975,) p. 11.

  47. 47.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 12.

  48. 48.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 9.

  49. 49.

    The Weekly Review (May 26, 1975), p. 12.

  50. 50.

    W.O. Maloba, “Decolonization: A Theoretical Perspective,” p. 13.

  51. 51.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism 19641971 (London: Heinemann, 1975), p. 37.

  52. 52.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 38.

  53. 53.

    Robert Maxon, “Social and Cultural Changes,” in B.A. Ogot, and Ochieng W.R., eds., Decolonization & Independence in Kenya, 19401993 (London: James Currey Ltd.; Athens: Ohio University Press, 1995), p. 120.

  54. 54.

    Gary Wasserman, Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 19601965 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 155.

  55. 55.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 147.

  56. 56.

    Gerard Loughran, Birth of a NATION: The Story of a Newspaper in Kenya, p. 88.

  57. 57.

    Gerard Loughran, Birth of a NATION: The Story of a Newspaper in Kenya, p. 88.

  58. 58.

    N. Gatabaki, “Civil Service Corruption,” The Weekly Review (May 5, 1975), p. 9.

  59. 59.

    Gerard Loughran, Birth of a NATION: The Story of a Newspaper in Kenya, p. 88.

  60. 60.

    Jenny Rebecca Kehl, Foreign Investment and Domestic Development, p. 2.

  61. 61.

    New York Times (May 5, 1975), p. 65.

  62. 62.

    New York Times (May 5, 1975), p. 65.

  63. 63.

    N. Gatabaki, “Civil Service Corruption,” p. 9.

  64. 64.

    Robert Maxon, “Social and Cultural Changes,” p. 120.

  65. 65.

    Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, p. 167.

  66. 66.

    Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle: Speeches and Writings (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979), p. 75.

  67. 67.

    Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle, p. 62.

  68. 68.

    Michela Wrong, It’s Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle-Blower (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009), p. 2.

  69. 69.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 108. For more details on this issue and its linkage to Uhuru Kenyatta, see, “In the Kenyan Cauldron,” by Joshua Hammer, New York Review of Books (May 9, 2013), pp. 24–26.

  70. 70.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 108.

  71. 71.

    FCO 2556 (London: National Archives) Annual Review for Kenya, 1978.

  72. 72.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  73. 73.

    New York Times (October 17, 1975), p. 73.

  74. 74.

    Newsweek (September 4th, 1978) p. 39.

  75. 75.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975) p. 5.

  76. 76.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 164.

  77. 77.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 280.

  78. 78.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 424.

  79. 79.

    New York Times (September 14, 1966), p. 11.

  80. 80.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta Struggles: My Story, p. 414.

  81. 81.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  82. 82.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  83. 83.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  84. 84.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  85. 85.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  86. 86.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  87. 87.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  88. 88.

    Daily Nation (November 10, 2009) “How Independence Era Leaders Laid their Hands on Lands of Quitting Whites.”

  89. 89.

    Daily Nation (November 10, 2009) “How Independence Era Leaders Laid their Hands on Lands of Quitting Whites.”

  90. 90.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  91. 91.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 312.

  92. 92.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  93. 93.

    The government was only roused into qualified action on this matter after “a threatened strike by Mombasa dockworkers angry at those making fortunes from continuing destruction of Kenya forests.” See, The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  94. 94.

    FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives) Letter from Patricia Reynolds to DM Biggin, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, April 27, 1971.

  95. 95.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 314.

  96. 96.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  97. 97.

    The Sunday Times (August 17, 1975), p. 5.

  98. 98.

    The Weekly Review (March 10, 1975), p. 6.

  99. 99.

    The Weekly Review (March 10, 1975), p. 6.

  100. 100.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 264.

  101. 101.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 213.

  102. 102.

    Charles Douglas-Home, Evelyn Baring: The Last Proconsul (London: Collins, 1978), p. 311.

  103. 103.

    Jeremy Murray-Brown, Kenyatta, p. 314.

  104. 104.

    Charles Douglas-Home, Evelyn Baring: The Last Proconsul, p. 312.

  105. 105.

    Charles Douglas-Home, Evelyn Baring: The Last Proconsul, p. 313.

  106. 106.

    Malcolm MacDonald, Titans and Others, p. 279.

  107. 107.

    Clyde Sanger, Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, p. 440.

  108. 108.

    Sunday Times (August 31, 1975), p. 6.

  109. 109.

    Sunday Times (August 31, 1975), p. 6.

  110. 110.

    FCO 31/2557 (London: National Archives) Farewell to Kenya.

  111. 111.

    FCO 31/2557 (London: National Archives) Farewell to Kenya.

  112. 112.

    FCO 31/2557 (London: National Archives) Farewell to Kenya.

  113. 113.

    FCO 31/2557 (London: National Archives) Farewell to Kenya.

  114. 114.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  115. 115.

    Daily Nation (September 3, 1969), p. 3.

  116. 116.

    Daily Nation (October 7, 1969), p. 12.

  117. 117.

    Daily Nation (October 7, 1969), p. 12.

  118. 118.

    Daily Nation (October 7, 1969), p. 1.

  119. 119.

    FCO 312314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  120. 120.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  121. 121.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 281.

  122. 122.

    Jonathan Haidt, The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), p. 99.

  123. 123.

    Lisa Jardine, Another Point of View: A Little Book of Big Ideas (London: Preface Publishing, 2009), p. 98.

  124. 124.

    New York Times (June 7, 2013), p. A8.

  125. 125.

    Josiah Mwangi Kariuki, ‘Mau Mau’ Detainee: The Account by A Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps, 19531960 (London/Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1963).

  126. 126.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 5.

  127. 127.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 141.

  128. 128.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 6.

  129. 129.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 6.

  130. 130.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 6.

  131. 131.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 6.

  132. 132.

    FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives) Confidential memo from the British High Commission, Nairobi.

  133. 133.

    FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives) Confidential memo from the British High Commission, Nairobi.

  134. 134.

    FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives) Confidential memo from the British High Commission, Nairobi.

  135. 135.

    FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives) Confidential memo from the British High Commission, Nairobi.

  136. 136.

    ILO. Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya (Geneva: ILO, 1972). p. 3.

  137. 137.

    ILO. Employment, Incomes and Inequality, p. 24.

  138. 138.

    ILO. Employment, Incomes and Inequality, p. 11.

  139. 139.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 260.

  140. 140.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 265.

  141. 141.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 270.

  142. 142.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 261.

  143. 143.

    Colin Leys, Underdevelopment in Kenya, p. 270.

  144. 144.

    The Weekly Review (March 17, 1975), p. 6. Also see, The Sunday Times (August 10, 1975). p. 11 “What made him dangerous was that he was an insider. Kenyan politics are run by the Kikuyu tribe: Kariuki was a Kikuyu and an ex-minister. He knew what was going on beneath the placid surface of Kenya today. The threat was that he would reveal it. He may even have been taking steps to do so.”

  145. 145.

    Makau Mutua, Kenya’s Quest for Democracy: Taming the Leviathan, p. 75.

  146. 146.

    Makau Mutua, Kenya’s Quest for Democracy: Taming the Leviathan, p. 75.

  147. 147.

    The Weekly Review (March 17 1975), p. 6.

  148. 148.

    Daily Nation (March 23, 1971) contained in FCO 95/1163 (London: National Archives).

  149. 149.

    Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 19632011, p. 112.

  150. 150.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 4.

  151. 151.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 4.

  152. 152.

    The Weekly Review (June 9, 1975); p. 11.

  153. 153.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 285.

  154. 154.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 285.

  155. 155.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 5.

  156. 156.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 282.

  157. 157.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 15.

  158. 158.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 17.

  159. 159.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 17.

  160. 160.

    The Weekly Review (June 9, 1975), p. 15.

  161. 161.

    Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair,19632011, pp. 116–117.

  162. 162.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  163. 163.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  164. 164.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  165. 165.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 3.

  166. 166.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 3.

  167. 167.

    The Weekly Review (March 24, 1975), p. 12.

  168. 168.

    The Weekly Review (June 16, 1975), p. 6.

  169. 169.

    The Weekly Review (June 16, 1975), p. 6.

  170. 170.

    The New York Times (October 16, 1975), p. 7.

  171. 171.

    The New York Times (October 16, 1975), p. 7.

  172. 172.

    Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, p. 288.

  173. 173.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 308.

  174. 174.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 308.

  175. 175.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 309.

  176. 176.

    Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, p. 170.

  177. 177.

    Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, pp. 168–169.

  178. 178.

    Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, pp. 167–168.

  179. 179.

    New York Times (May 2, 1975), p. 4.

  180. 180.

    New York Times (May 2, 1975), p. 4.

  181. 181.

    New York Times (May 2, 1975), p. 4.

  182. 182.

    New York Times (May 22, 1975), p. 10. Also see, Daniel Branch, Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 19632011, p. 118.

  183. 183.

    Jonathan Bloch and Patrick Fitzgerald, British Intelligence and Covert Action, p. 156.

  184. 184.

    The Weekly Review (May 19, 1975), p. 4.

  185. 185.

    The Weekly Review (May 19, 1975), p. 6.

  186. 186.

    The Weekly Review (May 5, 1975), p. 4.

  187. 187.

    The Weekly Review (May 5, 1975), p. 4.

  188. 188.

    The Weekly Review (May 19, 1975), p. 6.

  189. 189.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 528.

  190. 190.

    W.O. Maloba, Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of A Peasant Revolt, pp. 172–173.

  191. 191.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succcession (Nairobi: Transafrica, 1980), p. 18.

  192. 192.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 17.

  193. 193.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 20.

  194. 194.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 20.

  195. 195.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 22.

  196. 196.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 27.

  197. 197.

    Joseph Karimi and Philip Ochieng, The Kenyatta Succession, p. 35.

  198. 198.

    The Weekly Review (May 5, 1975), p. 6.

  199. 199.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  200. 200.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  201. 201.

    The Guardian (April 4, 1977), p. 3. In April 1977, Kenyatta did not show up for the “ceremonial State opening” of the Parliament. See, The Guardian (April 6, 1977), p. 9.

  202. 202.

    The Guardian (April 4, 1977), p. 3.

  203. 203.

    Duncan Ndegwa, Walking in Kenyatta’s Struggles: My Story, p. 524.

  204. 204.

    The Sunday Times (August 10, 1975), p. 11.

  205. 205.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  206. 206.

    FCO 31/2319 (London: National Archives) The Death and Funeral of President Kenyatta.

  207. 207.

    FCO 31/2319 (London: National Archives) The Death and Funeral of President Kenyatta.

  208. 208.

    FCO 31/2319 (London: National Archives) The Death and Funeral of President Kenyatta.

  209. 209.

    Kinuthia Macharia and Muigai Kanyua, The Social Context of the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya, 19521960 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006), p. 4.

  210. 210.

    Kinuthia Macharia and Muigai Kanyua, The Social Context of the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya, 19521960, p. 5.

  211. 211.

    Kinuthia Macharia and Muigai Kanyua, The Social Context of the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya, 19521960, p. 135.

  212. 212.

    Kinuthia Macharia and Muigai Kanyua, The Social Context of the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya, 19521960, p. 136.

  213. 213.

    Kinuthia Macharia and Muigai Kanyua, The Social Context of the Mau Mau Movement in Kenya, 19521960, p. 137.

  214. 214.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  215. 215.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  216. 216.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  217. 217.

    MAC 71/8/86 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Tribalism in Kenya.

  218. 218.

    MAC 71/8/86 (Durham, UK: Durham University Archives/Malcolm MacDonald Papers) Tribalism in Kenya.

  219. 219.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  220. 220.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  221. 221.

    FCO 31/2578 (London: National Archives) Memo from British High Commissioner in Nairobi.

  222. 222.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  223. 223.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  224. 224.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  225. 225.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  226. 226.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  227. 227.

    FCO 31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  228. 228.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  229. 229.

    The Weekly Review (August 18, 1978), p. 3.

  230. 230.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  231. 231.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya. The British intelligence services added that, “Peter Muigai Kenyatta, one of his Assistant Ministers, is motivated by personal gain but the other Minister Kassim Mwamzandi has given the impression of being well disposed toward the Soviet Union.”

  232. 232.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  233. 233.

    FCO31/2314 (London: National Archives) Leading Personalities in Kenya.

  234. 234.

    Daily Nation (July 4, 1966), p. 5. The name of Kiano’s African-American wife was Earnestine Hammond.

  235. 235.

    Daily Nation (July 4, 1966), p. 5. British intelligence services reported that these festivities were followed by a “Christian wedding in 1970.”

  236. 236.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  237. 237.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  238. 238.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  239. 239.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  240. 240.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  241. 241.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  242. 242.

    The Weekly Review (January 16, 1978), p. 5. The detention order was “dated January 6” and signed by the Permanent Secretary in the Vice President’s Office and Ministry of Home Affairs, Mr. N.S. Kungu.”

  243. 243.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  244. 244.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  245. 245.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  246. 246.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  247. 247.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  248. 248.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  249. 249.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  250. 250.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  251. 251.

    FCO 31/2330 (London: National Archives) The Extent of Soviet Influence in Kenya.

  252. 252.

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Maloba, W.O. (2017). Toward the End: Corruption, the Family, and Struggles for Succession. In: The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50965-5_5

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