Skip to main content

Management of Patients with Bilateral Multifocal Colorectal Liver Metastases: ALPPS

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 761 Accesses

Abstract

At diagnosis, 15–25% of patients with stage IV colon cancer have synchronous detected liver metastases. About 30% of patients are not initially resectable due to the extent of hepatic disease or a small future liver remnant (FLR). When size of FLR is regarded to be not sufficient to sustain liver function in the postoperative course, techniques of portal vein occlusion (PVO) such as portal vein embolization (PVE) or portal vein ligation (PVL) can be used in the context of a classic two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) to get increase of the residual liver. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a novel two-stage technique which combines PVO and parenchymal transection, followed by hepatectomy in a shorter period of time than classical TSH. However, many concerns have been addressed to the safety of this procedure. Further refinements of the original technique have been explored to improve its results. We report herein the case of a 44-year-old female patient with an obstructive cancer of the sigmoid colon and synchronous bilateral colorectal liver metastases, treated with the so-called “mini-ALPPS” approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Iarc. IA for R on CWHO. GLOBOCAN 2012: estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Globocan 2012;1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Steele G, Ravikumar TS. Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Biologic perspective. Ann Surg. 1989;210(2):127–38.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dewhurst C, Rosen MP, Blake MA, Baker ME, Cash BD, Fidler JL, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria (R) pretreatment staging of colorectal cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 2012;9(11):775–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Moulton C-A, Gu C-S, Law CH, Tandan VR, Hart R, Quan D, et al. Effect of PET before liver resection on surgical management for colorectal adenocarcinoma metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1863–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Scharitzer M, Ba-Ssalamah A, Ringl H, Kölblinger C, Grünberger T, Weber M, et al. Preoperative evaluation of colorectal liver metastases: comparison between gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3.0-T MRI and contrast-enhanced MDCT with histopathological correlation. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(8):2187–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Elias D, Youssef O, Sideris L, Dromain C, Baton O, Boige V, et al. Evolution of missing colorectal liver metastases following inductive chemotherapy and hepatectomy. J Surg Oncol. 2004;86(1):4–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Donati OF, Fischer MA, Chuck N, Hunziker R, Weishaupt D, Reiner CS. Accuracy and confidence of Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging alone and in combination for the diagnosis of liver metastases. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:822–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Harsha Tirumani S, Won Kim K, Nishino M, Howard SA, Krajewski KM, Jagannathan JP, et al. Update on the role of imaging in management of metastatic colorectal cancer. RadioGraphics. 2014;34(1):1908–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Doherty DA, Gertsch P, Fenstermacher MJ, Loyer EM, et al. Body surface area and body weight predict total liver volume in western adults. Liver Transplant. 2002;8(3):233–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Abdalla EK, Barnett CC, Doherty D, Curley SA, Vauthey J-N. Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization. Arch Surg. 2002;137(6):675–80; discussion 680–1.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Shoup M, Gonen M, D’Angelica M, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP, Schwartz LH, et al. Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7(3):325–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Adam R, Miller R, Pitombo M, Wicherts DA, de Haas RJ, Bitsakou G, et al. Two-stage hepatectomy approach for initially unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2007;16(3):525–36, viii.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Fuchshuber P, Pessaux P, Chenard M-P, Rosso E, et al. What is a safe future liver remnant size in patients undergoing major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases and treated by intensive preoperative chemotherapy? Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(8):2526–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, Ribero D, Wu TT, Zorzi D, Hoff PM, et al. Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):2065–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakano H, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, Casnedi S, Chenard-Neu MP, Dufour P, et al. Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):118–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. de Graaf W, van Lienden KP, Dinant S, Roelofs JJTH, Busch ORC, Gouma DJ, et al. Assessment of future remnant liver function using hepatobiliary scintigraphy in patients undergoing major liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(2):369–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Togashi H, Takahashi K, Onodera Y, Adachi T, Suzuki A, Karasawa T, et al. Separate analysis of asialoglycoprotein receptors in the right and left hepatic lobes using 99mTc-GSA SPECT in patients with acute hepatic damage. Hepatol Res. 2006;36(2):130–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mentha G, Majno PE, Andres A, Rubbia-Brandt L, Morel P, Roth AD. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection of advanced synchronous liver metastases before treatment of the colorectal primary. Br J Surg. 2006;93(7):872–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, Lonardi S, Zagonel V, Salvatore L, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1609–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1007–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Adam R, de Gramont A, Figueras J, Kokudo N, Kunstlinger F, Loyer E, et al. Managing synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a multidisciplinary international consensus. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015;41(9):729–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kelly ME, Spolverato G, Lè GN, Mavros MN, Doyle F, Pawlik TM, et al. Synchronous colorectal liver metastasis: a network meta-analysis review comparing classical, combined, and liver-first surgical strategies. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(3):341–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Feng Q, Wei Y, Zhu D, Ye L, Lin Q, Li W, et al. Timing of hepatectomy for resectable synchronous colorectal liver metastases: for whom simultaneous resection is more suitable—a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(8).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Reddy SK, Pawlik TM, Zorzi D, Gleisner AL, Ribero D, Assumpcao L, et al. Simultaneous resections of colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases: a multi-institutional analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(12):3481–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Capussotti L, Ferrero A, Viganò L, Ribero D, Lo Tesoriere R, Polastri R. Major liver resections synchronous with colorectal surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(1):195–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Torzilli G, Procopio F, Donadon M, Del Fabbro D, Cimino M, Montorsi M. Safety of intermittent pringle maneuver cumulative time exceeding 120 minutes in liver resection. Ann Surg. 2012;255(2):270–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Serenari M, Cescon M, Cucchetti A, Pinna AD. Liver function impairment in liver transplantation and after extended hepatectomy. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(44):7922–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Yang C, Rahbari NN, Mees ST, Schaab F, Koch M, Weitz J, et al. Staged resection of bilobar colorectal liver metastases: surgical strategies. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2015;400(6):633–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Madoff DC, Abdalla EK, Gupta S, Wu T-TT, Morris JS, Denys A, et al. Transhepatic ipsilateral right portal vein embolization extended to segment IV: improving hypertrophy and resection outcomes with spherical particles and coils. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(2 Pt 1):215–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Abulkhir A, Limongelli P, Healey AJ, Damrah O, Tait P, Jackson J, et al. Preoperative portal vein embolization for major liver resection: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):49–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kianmanesh R, Farges O, Abdalla EK, Sauvanet A, Ruszniewski P, Belghiti J. Right portal vein ligation: a new planned two-step all-surgical approach for complete resection of primary gastrointestinal tumors with multiple bilateral liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(1):164–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Broering DC, Hillert C, Krupski G, Fischer L, Mueller L, Achilles EG, et al. Portal vein embolization vs. portal vein ligation for induction of hypertrophy of the future liver remnant. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6(6):905–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Aussilhou B, Lesurtel M, Sauvanet A, Farges O, Dokmak S, Goasguen N, et al. Right portal vein ligation is as efficient as portal vein embolization to induce hypertrophy of the left liver remnant. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(2):297–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Lam VWT, Laurence JM, Johnston E, Hollands MJ, Pleass HCC, Richardson AJ. A systematic review of two-stage hepatectomy in patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases. HPB (Oxford). 2013;15(7):483–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Giuliante F, Ardito F, Ferrero A, Aldrighetti L, Ercolani G, Grande G, et al. Tumor progression during preoperative chemotherapy predicts failure to complete 2-stage hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases: results of an italian multicenter analysis of 130 patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219:285–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoekstra LT, van Lienden KP, Doets A, Busch ORC, Gouma DJ, van Gulik TM. Tumor progression after preoperative portal vein embolization. Ann Surg. 2012;256(5):812–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fischer C, Melstrom LG, Arnaoutakis D, Jarnagin W, Brown K, D’Angelica M, et al. Chemotherapy after portal vein embolization to protect against tumor growth during liver hypertrophy before hepatectomy. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(12):1103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, Nadalin S, Baumgart J, Farkas SA, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg. 2012;255(3):405–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Schadde E, Schnitzbauer AA, Tschuor C, Raptis DA, Bechstein WO, Clavien P-A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a novel procedure: associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(9):3109–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. de Santibañes E, Clavien P-A. Playing Play-Doh to prevent postoperative liver failure: the ALPPS approach. Ann Surg. 2012;255(3):415–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Nadalin S, Capobianco I, Li J, Girotti P, Königsrainer I, Königsrainer A. Indications and limits for associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). Lessons Learned from 15 cases at a single centre. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterol. 2014;52(1):35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Aloia TA, Vauthey J-N. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS): what is gained and what is lost? Ann Surg. 2012;256(3):e9; author reply e16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Schadde E, Raptis DA, Schnitzbauer AA, Ardiles V, Tschuor C, Lesurtel M, et al. Prediction of mortality after ALPPS stage-1: an analysis of 320 patients from the international ALPPS registry. Ann Surg. 2015;262(5):780–5; discussion 785–6.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Serenari M, Zanello M, Schadde E, Toschi E, Ratti F, Gringeri E, et al. Importance of primary indication and liver function between stages: results of a multicenter Italian audit of ALPPS 2012-2014. HPB (Oxford). 2016;18(5):419–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Gall TMH, Sodergren MH, Frampton AE, Fan R, Spalding DR, Habib NA, et al. Radio-frequency-assisted liver partition with portal vein ligation (RALPP) for liver regeneration. Ann Surg. 2015;261(2):e45–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Robles R, Parrilla P, López-Conesa A, Brusadin R, de la Peña J, Fuster M, et al. Tourniquet modification of the associating liver partition and portal ligation for staged hepatectomy procedure. Br J Surg. 2014;101(9):1129–34; discussion 1134.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Petrowsky H, Györi G, de Oliveira M, Lesurtel M, Clavien P-A. Is partial-ALPPS safer than ALPPS? A single-center experience. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):e90–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. de Santibañes E, Alvarez FA, Ardiles V, Pekolj J, de Santibañes M. Inverting the ALPPS paradigm by minimizing first stage impact: the Mini-ALPPS technique. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2016;401(4):557–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Li J, Kantas A, Ittrich H, Koops A, Achilles EG, Fischer L, et al. Avoid “All-Touch” by hybrid ALPPS to achieve oncological efficacy. Ann Surg. 2016;263(1):e6–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Alvarez F, Ardiles V, de Santibañes M, Pekolj J, de Santibañes E. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy offers high oncological feasibility with adequate patient safety: a prospective study at a single center. Ann Surg. 2015;261(4):723–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ratti F, Schadde E, Masetti M, Massani M, Zanello M, Serenari M, et al. Strategies to increase the resectability of patients with colorectal liver metastases: a multi-center case-match analysis of ALPPS and conventional two-stage hepatectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(6):1933–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wicherts DA, Miller R, de Haas RJ, Bitsakou G, Vibert E, Veilhan L-A, et al. Long-term results of two-stage hepatectomy for irresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2008;248(6):994–1005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Truant S, Scatton O, Dokmak S, Regimbeau JM, Lucidi V, Laurent A, et al. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS): impact of the inter-stages course on morbi-mortality and implications for management. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41(5):674–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eduardo de Santibañes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Serenari, M., de Santibañes, M., Ardiles, V., de Santibañes, E. (2017). Management of Patients with Bilateral Multifocal Colorectal Liver Metastases: ALPPS. In: Pawlik, T., Weber, S., Gamblin, T. (eds) Case-Based Lessons in the Management of Complex Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50868-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50868-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50867-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50868-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics