Skip to main content

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Cancer Dissemination Pathways ((CDP))

Abstract

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a disease with a dismal prognosis. To improve patient outcome and plan the best treatment for each tumor, accurate staging is mandatory, especially to avoid inappropriate surgery. Knowledge of the preferential pathways of tumor spread for adenocarcinomas located in the different portions of the organ can significantly aid the radiologist in searching for signs, even subtle, of disease spread which might modify the therapeutic approach. Vascular invasion and other organ involvement are obviously related to tumor location. Also lymph node involvement, extrapancreatic nerve plexus infiltration and distribution of metastases in the liver show differences based on the site of the primary tumor, with different patterns for tumors located in the head or in the body–tail of the pancreas. In this chapter, we will review these pathways of tumoral spread and the concepts of unresectability, resectability, and the increasingly important concept of “borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2015) Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 65(1):5–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pancreatic cancer. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreaticcancer/detailedguide/pancreatic-cancer-key-statistics

  3. Raimondi S, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB (2009) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(12):699–708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M et al (2011) FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 364(19):1817–1825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP et al (2013) Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med 369(18):1691–1703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kanda M, Fujii T, Sahin TT, Kanzaki A, Nagai S, Yamada S, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Kodera Y et al (2010) Invasion of the splenic artery is a crucial prognostic factor in carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Ann Surg 251(3):483–487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, Macari M, Megibow AJ, Miller FH, Mortele KJ et al (2014) Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 270(1):248–260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bockhorn M, Uzunoglu FG, Adham M, Imrie C, Milicevic M, Sandberg AA, Asbun HJ, Bassi C, Buchler M, Charnley RM et al (2014) Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: a consensus statement by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery 155(6):977–988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Partelli S, Crippa S, Barugola G, Tamburrino D, Capelli P, D’Onofrio M, Pederzoli P, Falconi M (2011) Splenic artery invasion in pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the body and tail: a novel prognostic parameter for patient selection. Ann Surg Oncol 18(13):3608–3614

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hartwig W, Vollmer CM, Fingerhut A, Yeo CJ, Neoptolemos JP, Adham M, Andren-Sandberg A, Asbun HJ, Bassi C, Bockhorn M et al (2014) Extended pancreatectomy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: definition and consensus of the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery 156(1):1–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Basturk O, Saka B, Balci S, Postlewait LM, Knight J, Goodman M, Kooby D, Sarmiento JM, El-Rayes B, Choi H et al (2015) Substaging of lymph node status in resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has strong prognostic correlations: proposal for a revised N classification for TNM staging. Ann Surg Oncol 22:S1187–S1195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Malleo G, Maggino L, Capelli P, Gulino F, Segattini S, Scarpa A, Bassi C, Butturini G, Salvia R (2015) Reappraisal of nodal staging and study of lymph node station involvement in pancreaticoduodenectomy with the standard international study group of pancreatic surgery definition of lymphadenectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg 221(2):367–79.e364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Co K (2003) Classification of pancreatic carcinoma. 2nd English ed. Tokyo, Kanehara

    Google Scholar 

  14. Tol JA, Gouma DJ, Bassi C, Dervenis C, Montorsi M, Adham M, Andren-Sandberg A, Asbun HJ, Bockhorn M, Buchler MW et al (2014) Definition of a standard lymphadenectomy in surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a consensus statement by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS). Surgery 156(3):591–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nagakawa T, Kobayashi H, Ueno K, Ohta T, Kayahara M, Miyazaki I (1994) Clinical study of lymphatic flow to the paraaortic lymph nodes in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Cancer 73(4):1155–1162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cubilla AL, Fortner J, Fitzgerald PJ (1978) Lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas area. Cancer 41(3):880–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kayahara M, Nagakawa T, Kobayashi H, Mori K, Nakano T, Kadoya N, Ohta T, Ueno K, Miyazaki I (1992) Lymphatic flow in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Cancer 70(8):2061–2066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nakao A, Harada A, Nonami T, Kaneko T, Murakami H, Inoue S, Takeuchi Y, Takagi H (1995) Lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas region. Br J Surg 82(3):399–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kanda M, Fujii T, Nagai S, Kodera Y, Kanzaki A, Sahin TT, Hayashi M, Yamada S, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S et al (2011) Pattern of lymph node metastasis spread in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 40(6):951–955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kitagawa H, Ohta T, Makino I, Tani T, Tajima H, Nakagawara H, Ohnishi I, Takamura H, Kayahara M, Watanabe H et al (2008) Carcinomas of the ventral and dorsal pancreas exhibit different patterns of lymphatic spread. Front Biosci 13:2728–2735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Okamura Y, Fujii T, Kanzaki A, Yamada S, Sugimoto H, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Nakao A (2012) Clinicopathologic assessment of pancreatic ductal carcinoma located at the head of the pancreas, in relation to embryonic development. Pancreas 41(4):582–588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Makino I, Kitagawa H, Ohta T, Nakagawara H, Tajima H, Ohnishi I, Takamura H, Tani T, Kayahara M (2008) Nerve plexus invasion in pancreatic cancer: spread patterns on histopathologic and embryological analyses. Pancreas 37(4):358–365

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Deki H, Sato T (1988) An anatomic study of the peripancreatic lymphatics. Surg Radiol Anat 10(2):121–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kayahara M, Nagakawa T, Futagami F, Kitagawa H, Ohta T, Miyazaki I (1996) Lymphatic flow and neural plexus invasion associated with carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Cancer 78(12):2485–2491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nakao A, Harada A, Nonami T, Kaneko T, Nomoto S, Koyama H, Kanazumi N, Nakashima N, Takagi H (1997) Lymph node metastasis in carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Br J Surg 84(8):1090–1092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fujita T, Nakagohri T, Gotohda N, Takahashi S, Konishi M, Kojima M, Kinoshita T (2010) Evaluation of the prognostic factors and significance of lymph node status in invasive ductal carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas. Pancreas 39(1):e48–e54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sahin TT, Fujii T, Kanda M, Nagai S, Kodera Y, Kanzaki A, Yamamura K, Sugimoto H, Kasuya H, Nomoto S et al (2011) Prognostic implications of lymph node metastases in carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Pancreas 40(7):1029–1033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Fernandez-Cruz L, Johnson C, Dervenis C (1999) Locoregional dissemination and extended lymphadenectomy in pancreatic cancer. Dig Surg 16(4):313–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nakao A, Harada A, Nonami T, Kaneko T, Takagi H (1996) Clinical significance of carcinoma invasion of the extrapancreatic nerve plexus in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 12(4):357–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Yoshioka H, Wakabayashi T (1958) Therapeutic neurotomy on head of pancreas for relief of pain due to chronic pancreatitis; a new technical procedure and its results. AMA Arch Surg 76(4):546–554

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Yi SQ, Miwa K, Ohta T, Kayahara M, Kitagawa H, Tanaka A, Shimokawa T, Akita K, Tanaka S (2003) Innervation of the pancreas from the perspective of perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 27(3):225–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nagakawa T, Kayahara M, Ueno K, Ohta T, Konishi I, Ueda N, Miyazaki I (1992) A clinicopathologic study on neural invasion in cancer of the pancreatic head. Cancer 69(4):930–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pedrazzoli S, DiCarlo V, Dionigi R, Mosca F, Pederzoli P, Pasquali C, Kloppel G, Dhaene K, Michelassi F (1998) Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy associated with pancreatoduodenectomy in the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: a multicenter, prospective, randomized study. Lymphadenectomy Study Group. Ann Surg 228(4):508–517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Sohn TA, Coleman J, Sauter PK, Hruban RH, Pitt HA, Lillemoe KD (1999) Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma: comparison of morbidity and mortality and short-term outcome. Ann Surg 229(5):613–622; discussion 622–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Farnell MB, Pearson RK, Sarr MG, DiMagno EP, Burgart LJ, Dahl TR, Foster N, Sargent DJ (2005) A prospective randomized trial comparing standard pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy in resectable pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. Surgery 138(4):618–628; discussion 628–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Nimura Y, Nagino M, Takao S, Takada T, Miyazaki K, Kawarada Y, Miyagawa S, Yamaguchi A, Ishiyama S, Takeda Y et al (2012) Standard versus extended lymphadenectomy in radical pancreatoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: long-term results of a Japanese multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 19(3):230–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jang JY, Kang MJ, Heo JS, Choi SH, Choi DW, Park SJ, Han SS, Yoon DS, Yu HC, Kang KJ et al (2014) A prospective randomized controlled study comparing outcomes of standard resection and extended resection, including dissection of the nerve plexus and various lymph nodes, in patients with pancreatic head cancer. Ann Surg 259(4):656–664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ambrosetti MC, Zamboni GA, Mucelli RP (2016) Distribution of liver metastases based on the site of primary pancreatic carcinoma. Eur Radiol 26:306–310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017740\t“_blank”

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giulia Zamboni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zamboni, G., Ambrosetti, M.C., Maggino, L., Malleo, G. (2018). Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. In: Regge, D., Zamboni, G. (eds) Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Dissemination Pathways. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50296-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50296-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50294-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50296-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics