Abstract
The spectral envelope and fundamental frequency of a speech signal is generally modelled by linear, short- and long-term predictive synthesis filters. The residual from these two filters is a signal without almost any temporal correlation. In this section we describe modelling and optimisation of the residual quantisation. The most famous approach is algebraic coding, which has also given the name to algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP). It assumes that the residual signal follows the Laplace distribution and provides an enumeration method, the algebraic code, with which every possible quantisation can be encoded.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The matrix A is, depending on definition, either a lower triangular or a convolution matrix, both of which are Toeplitz matrices. That is, a column can be obtained by shifting the previous column.
References
3GPP. TS 26.190, Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR-WB) speech codec (2007)
Adoul, J.-P., Laflamme, C.: Dynamic codebook for efficient speech coding based on algebraic codes, August 22 1995. US Patent 5,444,816 (1995)
Adoul, J.-P., Laflamme, C.: Depth-first algebraic-codebook search for fast coding of speech, December 23 1997. US Patent 5,701,392 (1997)
Adoul, J.-P., Laflamme, C.: Fast sparse-algebraic-codebook search for efficient speech coding, December 16 1997. US Patent 5,699,482 (1997)
Adoul, J.-P., Laflamme, C.: Algebraic codebook with signal-selected pulse amplitude/position combinations for fast coding of speech, May 19 1998. US Patent 5,754,976 (1998)
Adoul, J.-P., Mabilleau, P., Delprat, M., Morissette, S.: Fast CELP coding based on algebraic codes. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, vol. 12, pp. 1957–1960. IEEE (1987)
Amada, T., Miseki, K, Akamine, M.: CELP speech coding based on an adaptive pulse position codebook. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, vol. 1, pp. 13–16. IEEE (1999)
Bazaraa, M.S., Sherali, H.D., Shetty, C.M.: Nonlinear Programming: Theory and Algorithms. Wiley, Hoboken (2013)
Byun, K.J., Jung, H.B., Hahn, M., Kim, K.S.: A fast ACELP codebook search method. In: 2002 6th International Conference on Signal Processing, vol. 1, pp. 422–425 (2002)
Bäckström, T.: Enumerative algebraic coding for ACELP. In: Proceedings of Interspeech (2012)
Bäckström, T.: Computationally efficient objective function for algebraic codebook optimization in ACELP. In: Proceedings of Interspeech (2013)
Bäckström, T., Helmrich, C.R.: Decorrelated innovative codebooks for ACELP using factorization of autocorrelation matrix. In: Proceedings of Interspeech, pp. 2794–2798 (2014)
Chen, F.K., Yang, J.F., Yan, Y.L.: Candidate scheme for fast ACELP search. In: IEE Proceedings-Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 149(1), pp. 10–16. IET (2002)
Gerson, I.A., Jasiuk, M.A.: Techniques for improving the performance of CELP-type speech coders. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 10(5), 858–865 (1992)
Ha, N.K.: A fast search method of algebraic codebook by reordering search sequence. Proc. ICASSP 1, 21–24 (1999)
Kataoka, A., Moriya, T., Hayashi, S.: An 8-bit/s speech coder based on conjugate structure CELP. In: Proceddings of ICASSP, vol. 2, pp. 592–595. IEEE (1993)
Kroon, p., Deprettere, E.F.: A class of analysis-by-synthesis predictive coders for high quality speech coding at rates between 4.8 and 16 kbit/s. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 6(2), 353–363 (1988)
Laflamme, C., Adoul, J.P., Su, H.Y., Morissette, S.: On reducing computational complexity of codebook search in CELP coder through the use of algebraic codes. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, pp. 177–180. IEEE (1990)
Laflamme, C., Adoul, J.-P., Salami, R., Morissette, S., Mabilleau, P.: 16 kbps wideband speech coding technique based on algebraic celp. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, pp. 13–16. IEEE (1991)
Lee, E.-D., Ahn, J.-M.: Efficient fixed codebook search method for ACELP speech codecs. In: International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology, pp. 178–187. Springer (2006)
Lee, D.E., Yun, S.H., Lee, S.I., Ahn, J.M.: Iteration-free pulse replacement method for algebraic codebook search. Electron. Lett. 43(1), 59–60 (2007)
Ramirez, M.A., Gerken, M.: Efficient algebraic multipulse search. In: Telecommunications Symposium, 1998. ITS’98 Proceedings. SBT/IEEE International, pp. 231–236 (1998)
Salami, R., Laflamme, C., Adoul, J.P., Kataoka, A., Hayashi, S., Moriya, T., Lamblin, C., Massaloux, D., Proust, S., Kroon, P., et al.: Design and description of CS-ACELP: A toll quality 8 kb/s speech coder. IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process. 6(2), 116–130 (1998)
Sanchez, V.E., Adoul, J.-P.: Low-delay wideband speech coding using a new frequency domain approach. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, vol. 2, pp. 415–418. IEEE (1993)
Tsai, S.-M., Yang, J.-F.: Efficient algebraic code-excited linear predictive codebook search. IEE Proc.-Vis. Image Signal Process. 153(6), 761–768 (2006)
Xie, M., Adoul, J.-P.: Embedded algebraic vector quantizers (EAVQ) with application to wideband speech coding. In: Proceedings of ICASSP, vol. 1, pp. 240–243. IEEE (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bäckström, T. (2017). Residual Coding. In: Speech Coding. Signals and Communication Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50204-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50204-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50202-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50204-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)