Abstract
Support for the arts and bipartisan war relief activities went hand in hand in Brooklyn’s elite society during the Civil War. The new Long Island and Brooklyn Historical Society and Art Association with its planned free public gallery flourished, but the Horticultural Society faded. The Brooklyn Woman’s Relief Association aided by the men’s War Fund Committee took the lead in home front war relief efforts with their Brooklyn and Long Island Sanitary Fair which raised over $400,000 in support of the US Sanitary Commission. The Old New England Kitchen featured prominently at the Fair. Internal tensions over exclusivity continued to rankle conservative and progressive factions over what constituted proper taste in polite society and whether alcohol and raffling should be permitted at the Fair.
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Notes
- 1.
The uptick in interest in the visual arts was by no means unique to Brooklyn, as noted in David McCullough’s The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 3–15, 47–48, 214–18, 243–51, that shows the art movement was relatively late in taking off in America.
- 2.
BMA, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, records, 1823–1980, N57 B8 B79a. Luther Wyman had loaned a portrait of a lady and a landscape for the 1845 exhibition.
- 3.
BE, 12 January 1859, 2; 13 January 1859, 2. Brooklyn City Directory, 1862 (J. Lain and Co., 1862), 469, lists John Bernard Whittaker’s studio at 137 Montague St., not far from the Academy, and his home at 301 Hudson Ave.
- 4.
BE, 12 January 1859. They included Professor Smith of the Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, landscape painter John Gadsby Chapman, John Bernard Whittaker, Régis Gignoux and others. Chapman is also known for his publication The American Drawing Book: A Manual for the Amateur, and Basis of Study for the Professional Artist: Especially Adapted to the Use of Public and Private Schools, as Well as Home Instruction (New York, NY: J. S. Redfield, 1858).
- 5.
BE, 12 January 1859, 2.
- 6.
Ibid., 13 January 1859, 2.
- 7.
The Brooklyn Art Association is not to be confused with the Artists’ Association, the Italian opera troupe mentioned earlier.
- 8.
In February 1861 they voted to limit the membership to two hundred persons. Luther Wyman served on the Nominating Committee, ibid., 10 May 1864, 2.
- 9.
- 10.
BMA, Minutes of the Brooklyn Art Association, 507, 1 (hereafter, BMA, BAA Minutes) 26 April 1869, “We congratulate the Association with all its friends of Art in Brooklyn that as our City was the first to establish free exhibitions of pictures, and works of Art in this country, we shall also in all probability be the first to establish a permanent gallery which shall be free to all.”
- 11.
BE, 19 February 1861, 2.
- 12.
BMA, BAA Minutes, Certificate of Incorporation, 29 June 1864, 11, with well-known artist Régis Gignoux, still as president.
- 13.
A partial collection of these catalogs survives in the archives of the Brooklyn Museum.
- 14.
BE, 10 May 1864, 2.
- 15.
Matthew Wilson (1814–1892), born in England, first established himself in Philadelphia but in the second half of the nineteenth century kept a studio in Brooklyn. Luther Wyman’s portrait, still in private hands, passed to his daughter and granddaughter, who loaned it for display at the Palace of the Legion of Honor museum in San Francesco. Wilson was also noted for his portraits in pastels and may have executed an unsigned pastel of Luther Wyman’s youngest daughter, Ida Frances (b. 1851), also in private hands.
- 16.
BMA, BAA, Minutes, Exhibition lists, Spring Exhibition 1869, n. 196.
- 17.
Ibid., Exhibition Lists, 1867–69.
- 18.
E.g. the Eagle’s listing of the ladies Reception Committee, 21 November 1866, 2.
- 19.
Ibid., 8 May 1865, 2. Later renamed the Brooklyn Historical Society, it still thrives today.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ibid., 8 May 1865, 2.
- 23.
BMA. BAA minutes, passim.
- 24.
BE, 7 December 1864, 2.
- 25.
Ibid., 16 April 1855, 2.
- 26.
Ibid., 4 February 1858, 2.
- 27.
Ibid., 4 April 1861, p. 3.
- 28.
See DeGrauw’s appeal in his address before the Brooklyn Horticultural Society, 7 December 1854, preserved in pamphlet form at the NYHS, and also reported in BE, 9 April 1857, 2.
- 29.
Ibid., 27 November 1860, 1.
- 30.
Ibid., 18 April 1861, 2.
- 31.
Ibid., 31 December 1860, 2.
- 32.
Rather than “begging the public to support it, they would be eager to become members,” ibid., 1 December 1860, 1.
- 33.
Ibid., 30 December 1860, 2.
- 34.
Ibid., 5 June 1861, 3.
- 35.
Ibid., 2 July 1861, 3; 3 July 1861, 3; 7 August 1861, 2.
- 36.
Ibid., 21 August 1861, 2; 2 September 1861, 2. Early terrariums, called Wardian cases, were the invention of Dr. Ward of London to preserve his collection of delicate ferns from pollution.
- 37.
Luther Tucker, The Horticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste (Published by Luther Tucker 1862), http://archive.org/details/horticulturist, August 1862, 17, 194, 378.
- 38.
BE, 19 September 1861, 2.
- 39.
Ibid., 25 September 1861, 2.
- 40.
At their closing meeting President DeGrauw recapped the Society’s activities and contributions, ibid., 7 December 1864, 2.
- 41.
Ibid., 16 June 1864, 2.
- 42.
In June 1862, Wyman is remarked as having announced the order of the dancing at one of these events. Ibid., 21 Jun 1862, 3.
- 43.
Ibid., 6 January 1864, 2.
- 44.
Ibid., 18 June 1864, 2.
- 45.
Ibid.
- 46.
Ibid., 6 January 1864, 3.
- 47.
Ibid., 10 May 1864, 3.
- 48.
Ibid., 18 June 1864, 2.
- 49.
Ibid., 18 June 1864, 2.
- 50.
Ibid., 20 June 1864, 2.
- 51.
Ibid., 7 December 1864, 2. Taken from 1 Peter 1:24.
- 52.
Ibid., 5 May 1862, 2.
- 53.
Some of the best theatrical talent was invited to perform, including noted American tragedian Kate J. Bateman and Shakespearean actor Daniel Bandman in the role of Shylock, ibid., 16 June 1862, 1; 1 May 1863, 3.
- 54.
Ibid., 29 April 1863, 3; also in BMA, BPS Minutes, 8 April 1863, 137–40, and copy of a letter 9 April 1863, appended.
- 55.
The shift was gradual. Not until 1897 did the Philharmonic give its collection of some 4,000–5,000 volumes of choral works to the Brooklyn Institute. Then president, Henry K. Sheldon, Luther Wyman’s successor, claimed that since orchestral music was liked much better than choral music in Brooklyn, the Philharmonic no longer had need of the scores, BE, 5 April 1897, 10.
- 56.
Ibid., 16 April 1864, 2. The editor’s peevishness at criticisms of the Eagle’s less than enthusiastic editorial stance on the war was embedded in the parody.
- 57.
BMA, PBS Minutes, 7 June 1864, 175.
- 58.
BE, 8 May 1865, 2.
- 59.
Ibid., 5 May 1862, 15; 15 May 1862, 3.
- 60.
Henry Reed Stiles, A History of the City of Brooklyn Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh (Brooklyn, NY: by subscription, 1867), 2: 450.
- 61.
Fortunately for the Female Employment Society, during the war in 1862 it received a generous bequest of $5,000 from the estate of William H. Cary (d. 1861), native of Boston, one of the founders of Unitarianism in Brooklyn, and a very successful fancy goods merchant in New York, NYT, 30 December 1862, 3. On the Cary family, see Olive Hoogenboom, The First Unitarian Church of Brooklyn, One Hundred Fifty Years: A History (Brooklyn, NY: The Church, 1987), 3, 13–14.
- 62.
Ibid., 53, who reported they spent more than $3,600 caring for the soldiers.
- 63.
BE, 7 Mar 1864, 2. On the role of women in support of the Sanitary Commission, despite resistance, see Judith Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 2000), esp. 105–12.
- 64.
BE, 15 April 1863, 2. The War Fund Committee had been organized in September 1862.
- 65.
Ibid., 2 April 1864, 2.
- 66.
Ibid., 23 July 1864, 2.
- 67.
Ibid., 2 April 1864, 2. See also the discussion at the meeting on 30 April 1862 to shift their focus once city and county decided to support families of volunteers in BHS, Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, 1, War Fund committee, unnumbered. Luther Wyman was elected Vice-President of the War Fund Committee in May 1862.
- 68.
BE, 2 April 1864, 2. Wyman belonged to this committee.
- 69.
Ibid., 16 December 1863, 3; Stiles, A History, 2: 454.
- 70.
Ibid., 27 October 1866, 2. In another column on the same page, the Eagle labeled him, rather demeaningly, that “munificent little nabob.”
- 71.
Ibid., 17 March 1863, 2.
- 72.
Ibid., 16 October 1863, 2.
- 73.
Ibid., 21 November 1863, 2. The act passed 3 March. A. A. Low and Chittenden both spoke at the meeting.
- 74.
http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-soldiers.htm?submitted=1&SDkeyword=&SDOriginState_count=1+Selected&SDOriginState=NY&SDlName=wyman&SDRankIn_count=None+Selected&SDfName=benjamin&SDRankOut_count=None+Selected&SDsideName=U&SDfunction_count=None+Selected [accessed 2 October 2016]. Benjamin, recently returned from California, served as a sergeant, his younger brother as a private. The regiment saw action at Oyster Point and Carlisle, PA, as part of the Union defenses in the Gettysburg Campaign. The regiment was mustered out in late July, Stiles, A History, 2: 450–51. See also http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unnyinf2.htm#28. Luther, Jr. died quite young at age twenty-eight in 1871, BE, 28 March 1871, 3. Benjamin survived until 1907. He married Mary W. Anderson of New York in 1866, ibid., 16 November 1866, 3.
- 75.
Ibid., 20 February 1864, 2; Stiles, A History, 2: 459.
- 76.
BE, 16 November 1863, 2; BHS, Collection of Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, five Other Relief Organizations, unnumbered.
- 77.
BE, 1 September 1863, 2; NYT, 2 September 1863, 8. Since the draft targeted males ages 18–45, Wyman was too old to be an active soldier. His selection may refer to his service on the local draft board.
- 78.
BE, 15 October 1863. Helen Cobb Wyman married William H. Mallory. The couple headed to Washington, DC, and later resided in Bridgeport, CT.
- 79.
NYT, 25 December 1863, 7; BE, 30 December 1863, 2.
- 80.
Ibid., 17 November 1864; 22 November 1864; 6 December 1864; 9 December 1864, 3; 10 December 1864, 2; 19 December, 3; and BHS, Civil War relief associations records, I, War Fund Committee, unnumbered. Luther Wyman served on the executive committee and chaired the music committee.
- 81.
BE, 29 August 1863, 2; 6 May 1864, 2.
- 82.
Ibid., 6 May 1864, 2.
- 83.
Ibid., 5 April 1865, 2; and 24 April 1865, 2. Some of the surviving accounts for the committee show Luther Wyman disbursing money to hire bands and provide receptions for returning troops. Catered refreshments for the returning Ninetieth Regiment cost $1,000, BHS, Civil War relief associations records, 1.6.
- 84.
BE, 15 October 1869, 3; Stiles, A History, 3: 620.
- 85.
BE, 24 April 1865, 2.
- 86.
Ibid., 9 September 1865, 4; BHS, Collection of Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, unnumbered.
- 87.
BE, 26 May 1865, 2.
- 88.
BE, 26 May 1865, 2. The nine-foot bronze statue, commissioned from local sculptor, H. R. Brown and the rest of the monument ended up costing $15,000. It was unveiled and erected finally in October 1869, BE, 15 October 1869, 3; and BHS, Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, Lincoln Monument Fund, unnumbered.
- 89.
BE, 2 April 1864. The local branch of the US Christian Commission from its office in the Hamilton Building helped the Sanitary Commission assist soldiers by distributing Bibles, pamphlets, and chapel tents, Stiles, A History, 2: 468–69.
- 90.
Following the by-now-established pattern, in June 1864 many of Brooklyn’s leading citizens signed a call for a public meeting at the Academy of Music to organize the new association. Chittenden chaired the meeting and Rev. Farley acted as secretary, BE, 25 June 1864, 2. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher gave the address. The association then incorporated as the Soldiers’ Home Commission of Brooklyn, ibid., 1 October 1864, 2, also reported in the NYT, 3 October 1864, 8.
- 91.
BE, 19 December 1864, 3.
- 92.
Ibid., 22 June 1864, 3.
- 93.
Dr. Strickland, ibid., 26 September 1864, 2; also records in BHS, Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, 1, War Fund Committee, unnumbered. Not atypical was the heart-rending story of an immigrant war widow of German descent who had nothing to support herself and her four children while her husband, whom she had not heard from, was presumably either a prisoner of war somewhere in the South or dead, BE, 16 February 1865, 2.
- 94.
Ibid., 1 October 1864, 2; 27 October 1866, 2; Stiles, A History, 3: 941.
- 95.
BE, 5 August 1865, 2. Luther Wyman was among them.
- 96.
BE, 7 September 1865, 3; 12 July 1866, 2. The New-York Historical Society holds a copy of his unpaginated work, The military souvenir; a portrait gallery of our military and naval heroes. Illustrated with engravings on steel; Frank J. Bramhall, The Military Souvenir [electronic Resource]: A Portrait Gallery of Our Military and Naval Heroes (New York, NY: J. C. Butter, 1863).
- 97.
BE, 4 October 1867, 2.
- 98.
Stiles, A History. The work includes sections on each of the local regiments, and at the end of vol. 3, 956, Stiles noted that considerations of space in his now nearly 1,000-page opus kept him from including more information about the War Fund Committee’s activities or more about Brooklyn’s volunteer regiments, since the Committee had planned its own history and referred readers to a brief account published in the Brooklyn Union, 3 May 1865. Stiles also published the mammoth, The Civil, Political, Professional and Ecclesiastical History, and Commercial and Industrial Record of the County of Kings and the City of Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1683 to 1884 (W. W. Munsell & Co., 1884).
- 99.
BE, 11 March 1863, 2. The Society began meeting in the Directors’ Rooms at the Academy of Music.
- 100.
Ibid., 22 June 1865, 2.
- 101.
Ibid., 3 July 1866, 2.
- 102.
Brooklyn and Long Island Fair in Aid of the United States Sanitary Commission (1864), Executive Committee. History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair [electronic Resource]: February 22, 1864 (Brooklyn, NY: “The Union” Steam Presses, 1864), 81–82; E. A. Livingston, Brooklyn and the Civil War (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2012), 111. The giant broom was hung in the Mechanic’s Hall with its challenge appended, to which at the closing of the Brooklyn Fair, someone appended another note saying, “Brooklyn sees the $240,000, and goes $150,000 better.”
- 103.
Brooklyn and Long Island Fair in Aid of the United States Sanitary Commission (1864). Executive Committee., History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 7.
- 104.
BE, 9 January 1864, 2.
- 105.
Ibid., 4 December 1863, 2.
- 106.
Stiles, A History, 3: 834–35, 847.
- 107.
For a description of the Woman’s Relief Association’s role in the fair, see History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 8–26; Stiles, A History, 2: 459–60. Some documents survive at BHS, Brooklyn Civil War Relief Associations records, Women’s Relief Association, unnumbered.
- 108.
Report of the Woman’s Relief Association of the City of Brooklyn,” 30 April 1863, 2; and its Article of Association, list of officers, and first affiliated churches, 3–8, online from the Library of Congress’ American Memory site, http://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2012/20120911004re/20120911004re.pdf [accessed 2 October 2016].
- 109.
BE, 13 February 1863, 2; NYT, 29 March 1863, 6.
- 110.
Report of the Woman’s Relief Association, 11.
- 111.
BE, 4 December 1863, 2.
- 112.
Ibid., 18 December 1863, 2.
- 113.
Ibid., 9 February 1863, 2; Report of the Woman’s Relief Association, 8.
- 114.
Ibid., 6–9; also BE, 17 January 1863, 3; 9 February 1863, 2; 19 February 1863, 2; NYT, 29 March 1863, 6.
- 115.
Report of the Woman’s Relief Association of the City of Brooklyn, available online from the Library of Congress’ American Memory site, http://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/scd0001/2012/20120911004re/20120911004re.pdf. [accessed 2 October 2016].
- 116.
BE, 4 December 1863, 2; 9 January 1864, 2.
- 117.
Mrs. Stranahan posted the following notice in the paper: “The Ladies who have been notified of their appointment as Managers of the Fair…are respectfully reminded that they are expected to take immediate measures within their respective congregations and social or family circles, according to their own best judgment and discretion for ensuring the largest possible amount of aid to this great enterprise,” ibid., 9 January 1864, 1. Starting 30 December, a member of the ladies’ executive board was available at the depot between 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. to answer questions and receive donations for the fair, ibid., 30 December 1863, 3.
- 118.
At their meeting 4 December 1863, the ladies had resolved that the War Fund Committee be requested to appoint an Advisory Committee of twenty-five or more, “to assist us in carrying out the object and plan of the fair,” ibid., 4 December 1863, 2.
- 119.
Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood. Her study emphasizes women’s struggles for political empowerment.
- 120.
Ibid., 105–6. Christian Inquirer, 6 December 1862, 17.11. Unitarians were heavily involved in the Sanitary Commission’s work at all levels, including its president, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.
- 121.
Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood, 105–6.
- 122.
BE, 18 December 1863, 2.
- 123.
Ibid., 21 December 1863, 2; History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 18.
- 124.
BE, 31 March 1863, 2; Christian Inquirer, 4 April 1863, 17, 27.3. He had served twenty-one years in the pulpit of the Church of the Saviour. In gratitude, the congregation gave him a $26,000 parting gift, New York Evangelist, 11 June 1863, 33.24, 5.
- 125.
BE, 9 January 1864, 1.
- 126.
Ibid., 8 February 1864, 2.
- 127.
J. D. McKenzie, ibid., 21 December 1863, 2.
- 128.
Ibid., 25 January 1864, 3.
- 129.
Ibid.
- 130.
Ibid., 18 December 1863, 2.
- 131.
General admission was fifty cents the first week with different options of what to attend, ibid., 16 February 1864, 2; History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 28–29.
- 132.
BE, 8 February 1864, 2.
- 133.
Ibid., 8 February 1864, 2; 22 February 1864, 1, 2.
- 134.
Ibid., 8 February 1864, 2.
- 135.
Ibid.; 10 February 1864, 2; 20 February 1864, 2.
- 136.
Ibid., 20 February 1864, 2.
- 137.
Ibid.
- 138.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 61–63.
- 139.
BE, 10 February 1864, 2.
- 140.
Ibid., 29 February 1864, 2; 18 March 1864, 2.
- 141.
Ibid., 18 March 1864, 2.
- 142.
Ibid., 9 January 1864, 2.
- 143.
Ibid., 6 January 1864, 3.
- 144.
Mr. Lewis A. Osborn of New York, ibid., 9 January 1864, 2.
- 145.
Ibid., 11 January 1864, 2.
- 146.
Ibid., 13 January 1864, 2.
- 147.
Ibid., 27 January 1864, 3.
- 148.
Ibid., 25 January 1864, 1.
- 149.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 28.
- 150.
John B. Hutchinson, Esq., BE, 9 March 1864, 2.
- 151.
Ibid., 24 February 1864, p. 2.
- 152.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 51.
- 153.
Ibid., 32.
- 154.
Illustrations are available online through the Brooklyn Museum from its 2010 display, “Healing the Wounds of War,” http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/3218/Healing_the_Wounds_of_War%3A_The_Brooklyn_Sanitary_Fair_of_1864/set/0ef8c371f29ff236b30044d2a0193f43?referring-q=Healing+the+wounds+of+War [accessed 2 October 2016]. The Eagle devoted long columns on 22 and 24 February and 7 March to detailed descriptions of the Fair, its displays and the crowds attending. Every day of the Fair the Eagle published long descriptions of Fair doings and the rapidly increasing revenues from each day’s take, 22 February–8 March 1864. The History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 26–55, has a detailed walk-through room by room.
- 155.
Ibid., 32.
- 156.
Ibid., 67–68.
- 157.
For descriptions of the different Fair buildings, ibid., 26–27.
- 158.
Mrs. Edward Anthony, ibid., 35–38, 80; a map of the locations of the various departments of goods is also in BHS, Collection of Brooklyn Civil War relief associations records, 3, Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, unnumbered.
- 159.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 36.
- 160.
Ibid., 41–43.
- 161.
Ibid., 150–58; BHS, Annual report, May 1864 and correspondence dated 27 January, 1 February, and 5 May. Luther Wyman in his letter of 5 May to Rev. R. S. Storrs, wrote: “My Dear Sir, Capt. Balch of the U.S. Steam Gun Boat “Pawnee” sent to me through Lt. Col. Hall Provost Marshall General of Hilton Head, a Rebel torpedo fished up by him in Charleston Harbor for Exhibition at the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair. In accordance with the privilege granted me by Capt. Balch to make such disposition of the torpedo after the Exhibition as I might desire, I have much pleasure in presenting it through you to the Brooklyn Historical Society. Very respectfully, Your ob[edien]t Serv[van]t L. B. Wyman.”
- 162.
The album survives in the New Jersey Historical Society, MG 51 Sanitary Fair autograph album 1864.
- 163.
The invitation stated: “Dear Sir: I have the honor to transmit to you herewith, a blank sheet of Bristol board, on which I desire to obtain your autograph, coupled with such sentiment as may suit your pleasure and convenience…I design to have these sheets, when completed, elaborately bound into a volume for presentation to the “Brooklyn and Long Island Fair,” in Aid of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, which is to open at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, on the 22nd day of February.” American broadsides and ephemera. First series; no. 11952., http://catalog.nypl.org/search~S1?/tAmerican+broadsides+and+ephemera.+First+series+;+n/tamerican+broadsides+and+ephemera+first+series+no+11952/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=tamerican+broadsides+and+ephemera+first+series+no+11952&1%2C1%2C [accessed 2 October 2016].
- 164.
Matthew 7:25.
- 165.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 88. The album was purchased by John W. Hobart and presented to the New Jersey Historical Society by his daughter, NJHS, notes on MG51.
- 166.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 46. An epergne was a fancy centerpiece with various basins designed to hold seasonal flowers or fruit. The piece had been contributed by Gould and Hoare, glasscutters.
- 167.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 150–58.
- 168.
BE, 22 February 1864, 2; History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 150–57.
- 169.
Ibid., 77. They included Lincoln’s Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin, Secretary of State William Seward, and former Massachusetts governor and ambassador Edward Everett. Everett died on 15 January, weeks before the fair opened.
- 170.
Ibid., 72–75.
- 171.
Ibid., 76–77.
- 172.
BE, 26 February 1864, 2; History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 92–93.
- 173.
Ibid., 80–81.
- 174.
Ibid., 82.
- 175.
Ibid., 60–61.
- 176.
Ibid., 30–33.
- 177.
James H. Frothingham treasurer, ibid., 43.
- 178.
Ibid., 53.
- 179.
The buildings and lumber alone brought in $1,500, ibid., 54–55.
- 180.
BE, 12 March 1864, 2.
- 181.
History of the Brooklyn and Long Island Fair, 93–94.
- 182.
Ibid., 97.
- 183.
Ibid., 10 December 1866, 2.
- 184.
BE, 25 February 1864, 2.
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Bullard, M.M. (2017). Culture of War Relief. In: Brooklyn’s Renaissance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50176-5_7
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