Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Sigma1R in Mammalian Retina

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sigma Receptors: Their Role in Disease and as Therapeutic Targets

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 964))

Abstract

This review article focuses on studies of Sigma 1 Receptor (Sigma1R) and retina . It provides a brief overview of the earliest pharmacological studies performed in the late 1990s that provided evidence of the presence of Sigma1R in various ocular tissues. It then describes work from a number of labs concerning the location of Sigma1R in several retinal cell types including ganglion, Müller glia , and photoreceptors . The role of Sigma1R ligands in retinal neuroprotection is emphasized. Early studies performed in vitro clearly showed that targeting Sigma1R could attenuate stress-induced retinal cell loss. These studies were followed by in vivo experiments. Data about the usefulness of targeting Sigma1R to prevent ganglion cell loss associated with diabetic retinopathy are reviewed. Mechanisms of Sigma1R-mediated retinal neuroprotection involving Müller cells , especially in modulating oxidative stress are described along with information about the retinal phenotype of mice lacking Sigma1R (Sigma1R −/− mice). The retina develops normally in Sigma1R −/− mice, but after many months there is evidence of apoptosis in the optic nerve head, decreased ganglion cell function and eventual loss of these cells. Additional studies using the Sigma1R −/− mice provide strong evidence that in the retina, Sigma1R plays a key role in modulating cellular stress. Recent work has shown that targeting Sigma1R may extend beyond protection of ganglion cells to include photoreceptor cell degeneration as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Levin L, Nilsson FE, Ver Hoeve J, Wu S, Kaufman PL, Alm A (2011) Adler’s physiology of the eye, 11th edn. Saunders/Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ryan SJ, Sadda SR, Hinton DR, Schachat AP, Wilkinson CP, Wiedemann P (2013) Retina, 5th edn. Saunders/Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Martin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE (1976) The effects of morphine- and nalorphine- like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197:517–532

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Schoenwald RD, Barfknecht CF, Xia E, Newton RE (1993) The presence of sigma-receptors in the lacrimal gland. J Ocul Pharmacol 9:125–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bucolo C, Campana G, Di Toro R, Cacciaguerra S, Spampinato S (1999) Sigma1 recognition sites in rabbit iris-ciliary body: topical sigma1-site agonists lower intraocular pressure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1362–1369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Senda T, Matsuno K, Mita S (1997) The presence of sigma receptor subtypes in bovine retinal membranes. Exp Eye Res 64:857–860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (1996) Cloning and functional expression of the human type 1 sigma receptor (hSigmaR1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229:553–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Seth P, Fei YJ, Li HW, Huang W, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (1998) Cloning and functional characterization of a sigma receptor from rat brain. J Neurochem 70:922–931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Seth P, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (1997) Cloning and structural analysis of the cDNA and the gene encoding the murine type 1 sigma receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241:535–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hanner M, Moebius FF, Flandorfer A, Knaus HG, Striessnig J, Kempner E, Glossmann H (1996) Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of the mammalian sigma1-binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:8072–8077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ola MS, Moore P, El-Sherbeny A, Roon P, Agarwal N, Sarthy VP, Casellas P, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2001) Expression pattern of sigma receptor 1 mRNA and protein in mammalian retina. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 95:86–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Jbilo O, Vidal H, Paul R, De Nys N, Bensaid M, Silve S, Carayon P, Davi D, Galiègue S, Bourrié B, Guillemot JC, Ferrara P, Loison G, Maffrand JP, Le Fur G, Casellas P (1997) Purification and characterization of the human SR 31747A-binding protein. A nuclear membrane protein related to yeast sterol isomerase. J Biol Chem 272:27107–27115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu LL, Wang L, Zhong YM, Yang XL (2010) Expression of sigma receptor 1 mRNA and protein in rat retina. Neuroscience 167:1151–1159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mavlyutov TA, Epstein M, Guo LW (2015) Subcellular localization of the sigma-1 receptor in retinal neurons – an electron microscopy study. Sci Rep 5:10689

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Senda T, Mita S, Kaneda K, Kikuchi M, Akaike A (1998) Effect of SA4503, a novel sigma1 receptor agonist, against glutamate neurotoxicity in cultured rat retinal neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 342:105–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Krishnamoorthy RR, Agarwal P, Prasanna G, Vopat K, Lambert W, Sheedlo HJ, Pang IH, Shade D, Wordinger RJ, Yorio T, Clark AF, Agarwal N (2001) Characterization of a transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 86:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Krishnamoorthy RR, Clark AF, Daudt D, Vishwanatha JK, Yorio T (2013) A forensic path to RGC-5 cell line identification: lessons learned. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:5712–5719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tchedre KT, Yorio T (2008) Sigma-1 receptors protect RGC-5 cells from apoptosis by regulating intracellular calcium, Bax levels, and caspase-3 activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:2577–2588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tchedre KT, Huang RQ, Dibas A, Krishnamoorthy RR, Dillon GH, Yorio T (2008) Sigma-1 receptor regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels involves a direct interaction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:4993–5002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ha Y, Dun Y, Thangaraju M, Duplantier J, Dong Z, Liu K, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2011) Sigma receptor 1 modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress in retinal neurons. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:527–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Bucolo C, Marrazzo A, Ronsisvalle S, Ronsisvalle G, Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Caputi A, Drago F (2006) A novel adamantane derivative attenuates retinal ischemia-reperfusion damage in the rat retina through sigma1 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 536:200–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bucolo C, Drago F (2004) Effects of neurosteroids on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat retina: role of sigma1 recognition sites. Eur J Pharmacol 498:111–1114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Campana G, Bucolo C, Murari G, Spampinato S (2002) Ocular hypotensive action of topical flunarizine in the rabbit: role of sigma 1 recognition sites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:1086–1094

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bucolo C, Drago F, Lin LR, Reddy VN (2006) Sigma receptor ligands protect human retinal cells against oxidative stress. Neuroreport 17:287–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Barber AJ, Lieth E, Khin SA, Antonetti DA, Buchanan AG, Gardner TW (1998) Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin J Clin Invest 102:783–791

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Barber AJ, Antonetti DA, Kern TS, Reiter CE, Soans RS, Krady JK, Levison SW, Gardner TW, Bronson SK (2005) The Ins2Akita mouse as a model of early retinal complications in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:2210–2218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C (2015) Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vis (Lond) 30(2):17

    Google Scholar 

  28. Antonetti DA, Barber AJ, Bronson SK, Freeman WM, Gardner TW, Jefferson LS, Kester M, Kimball SR, Krady JK, LaNoue KF, Norbury CC, Quinn PG, Sandirasegarane L, Simpson IA, JDRF Diabetic Retinopathy Center Group (2006) Diabetic retinopathy: seeing beyond glucose-induced microvascular disease. Diabetes 55:2401–2411.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kern TS, Barber AJ (2008) Retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. J Physiol 586:4401–4408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ola MS, Moore P, Maddox D, El-Sherbeny A, Huang W, Roon P, Agarwal N, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2002) Analysis of sigma receptor (sigmaR1) expression in retinal ganglion cells cultured under hyperglycemic conditions and in diabetic mice. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 107:97–107

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Martin PM, Ola MS, Agarwal N, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2004) The sigma receptor ligand (+)-pentazocine prevents apoptotic retinal ganglion cell death induced in vitro by homocysteine and glutamate. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 123:66–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Barres BA, Silverstein BE, Corey DP, Chun LL (1988) Immunological, morphological, and electrophysiological variation among retinal ganglion cells purified by panning. Neuron 1:791–803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dun Y, Mysona B, Van Ells T, Amarnath L, Ola MS, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2006) Expression of the cystine-glutamate exchanger (xc-) in retinal ganglion cells and regulation by nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Cell Tissue Res 324:189–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Dun Y, Thangaraju M, Prasad P, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2007) Prevention of excitotoxicity in primary retinal ganglion cells by (+)-pentazocine, a sigma receptor-1 specific ligand. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:4785–4794

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Reichenbach A, Bringmann A (2013) New functions of Müller cells. Glia 61:651–678

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jiang G, Mysona B, Dun Y, Gnana-Prakasam JP, Pabla N, Li W, Dong Z, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2006) Expression, subcellular localization, and regulation of sigma receptor in retinal Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:5576–5582

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Umapathy NS, Li W, Mysona BA, Smith SB, Ganapathy V (2005) Expression and function of glutamine transporters SN1 (SNAT3) and SN2 (SNAT5) in retinal Müller cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:3980–3987

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Su TP (1982) Evidence for sigma opioid receptor: binding of [3H]SKF-10047 to etorphine-inaccessible sites in guinea-pig brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 223:284–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Goldstein IM, Ostwald P, Roth S (1996) Nitric oxide: a review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Res. 36:2979–2994

    Google Scholar 

  40. Schmetterer L, Findl O, Fasching P, Ferber W, Strenn K, Breiteneder H, Adam H, Eichler HG, Wolzt M (1997) Nitric oxide and ocular blood flow in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 46:653–658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Smith SB, Duplantier J, Dun Y, Mysona B, Roon P, Martin PM, Ganapathy V (2008) In vivo protection against retinal neurodegeneration by sigma receptor 1 ligand (+)-pentazocine. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:4154–4161

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Shimazawa M, Sugitani S, Inoue Y, Tsuruma K, Hara H (2015) Effect of a sigma-1 receptor agonist, cutamesine dihydrochloride (SA4503), on photoreceptor cell death against light-induced damage. Exp Eye Res 132:64–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wang J, Saul A, Roon P, Smith SB (2016) Activation of the molecular chaperone, sigma 1 receptor, preserves cone function in a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:E3664–E3672

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wang J, Saul A, Roon P, Smith SB (2016) Activation of the molecular chaperone, sigma 1 receptor, preserves cone function in a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(26):E3764–E3772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Hayashi T, Su TP (2007) Sigma-1 receptor chaperones at the ER-mitochondrion interface regulate Ca(2+) signaling and cell survival. Cell 131:596–610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Su TP, Hayashi T, Maurice T, Buch S, Ruoho AE (2010) The sigma-1 receptor chaperone as an inter-organelle signaling modulator. Trends Pharmacol Sci 31:557–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Tsai SY, Hayashi T, Mori T, Su TP (2009) Sigma-1 receptor chaperones and diseases. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 9:184–189

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zhang SX, Ma JH, Bhatta M, Fliesler SJ, Wang JJ (2015) The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding. Prog Retin Eye Res 45:111–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mueller BH, Park Y, Daudt DR, Ma HY, Akopova I, Stankowska DL, Clark AF, Yorio T (2013) Sigma-1 receptor stimulation attenuates calcium influx through activated L-type voltage gated calcium channels in purified retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 107:21–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. González LG, Sánchez-Fernández C, Cobos EJ, Baeyens JM, del Pozo E (2012) Sigma-1 receptors do not regulate calcium influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels in mouse brain synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol 677:102–106

    Google Scholar 

  51. Zhang XJ, Liu LL, Wu Y, Jiang SX, Zhong YM, Yang XL (2011) σ receptor 1 is preferentially involved in modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents in rat retinal ganglion cells. Neurosignals 19:110–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang XJ, Liu LL, Jiang SX, Zhong YM, Yang XL (2011) Activation of the sigma receptor 1 suppresses NMDA responses in rat retinal ganglion cells. Neuroscience 177:12–22

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kannan R, Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR (2012) Novel roles for α-crystallins in retinal function and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 31:576–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Ha Y, Saul A, Tawfik A, Williams C, Bollinger K, Smith R, Tachikawa M, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2011) Late-onset inner retinal dysfunction in mice lacking sigma receptor 1 (σR1). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:7749–7760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Mavlyutov TA, Nickells RW, Guo LW (2011) Accelerated retinal ganglion cell death in mice deficient in the Sigma-1 receptor. Mol Vis 17:1034–1043

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Ha Y, Saul A, Tawfik A, Zorrilla EP, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2012) Diabetes accelerates retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in mice lacking sigma receptor 1. Mol Vis 18:2860–2870

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. McCann DJ, Weissman AD, Su TP (1994) Sigma-1 and sigma-2 sites in rat brain: comparison of regional, ontogenetic, and subcellular patterns. Synapse 17:182–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cobos EJ, Entrena JM, Nieto FR, Cendán CM, Del Pozo E (2008) Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of sigma(1) receptor ligands. Curr Neuropharmacol 6:344–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Vecino E, Rodriguez FD, Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Sharma SC (2016) Glia-neuron interactions in the mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 51:1–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Reichenbach A, Stolzenburg JU, Eberhardt W, Chao TI, Dettmer D, Hertz L (1993) What do retinal müller (glial) cells do for their neuronal 'small siblings'? J Chem Neuroanat 6:201–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ha Y, Shanmugam AK, Markand S, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2014) Sigma receptor 1 modulates ER stress and Bcl2 in murine retina. Cell Tissue Res 356:15–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Shanmugam A, Wang J, Markand S, Perry RL, Tawfik A, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2015) Sigma receptor 1 activation attenuates release of inflammatory cytokines MIP1γ, MIP2, MIP3α, and IL12 (p40/p70) by retinal Müller glial cells. J Neurochem 132:546–558

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang J, Shanmugam A, Markand S, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Smith SB (2015) Sigma 1 receptor regulates the oxidative stress response in primary retinal Müller glial cells via NRF2 signaling and system xc(−), the Na(+)-independent glutamate-cystine exchanger. Free Radic Biol Med 86:25–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P (2013) The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 18:522–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Xu J, Zeng C, Chu W, Pan F, Rothfuss JM, Zhang F, Tu Z, Zhou D, Zeng D, Vangveravong S, Johnston F, Spitzer D, Chang KC, Hotchkiss RS, Hawkins WG, Wheeler KT, Mach RH (2011) Identification of the PGRMC1 protein complex as the putative sigma-2 receptor binding site. Nat Commun 2:380

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Chu UB, Mavlyutov TA, Chu ML, Yang H, Schulman A, Mesangeau C, McCurdy CR, Guo LW, Ruoho AE (2015) The Sigma-2 receptor and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 are sifferent binding sites derived from independent genes. EBioMedicine 2(11):1806–1813

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Shanmugam AK, Mysona BA, Wang J, Zhao J, Tawfik A, Sanders A, Markand S, Zorrilla E, Ganapathy V, Bollinger KE, Smith SB (2015) Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression in murine retina. Curr Eye Res 7:1–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the many post-doctoral fellows, students and faculty colleagues who have worked with us in the past on studies of Sigma1R and retina including our longtime collaborator Dr. V. Ganapathy, Dr. E. Zorrilla who so graciously shared Sigma1R -/- mice and helped us establish our mouse colony and Dr. K. Bollinger for the clinical perspective she offers to our project. We thank the many individuals who have performed experiments described in this chapter including Dr. Y. Dun, Dr. Y. Ha, Dr. B. Mysona, Dr. P. Martin, Dr. A. Tawfik, Dr. S. Markand, Dr. L. Perry, Dr. A. Shanmugam, Dr. M.S. Ola, Dr. G. Jiang, Ms. J. Duplantier and Mr. C. Williams. We acknowledge the National Institutes of Health (R01 EY014560 and R21 EY13089) for their generous support of this work. We thank the administration and especially the Provost and the VP for Research of Augusta University for support of the EM/histology Core Facility and the Imaging Core Facility. We acknowledge the support for equipment necessary to test visual function provided by the Office of the Dean, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University. J Wang, R Cui, A Saul and SB Smith are members of the James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute of Augusta University; we thank the institute for facilitating interactions and fruitful discussions about this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 1114, Augusta, GA, 30912-2000, USA

    Jing Wang, Xuezhi Cui, Penny Roon & Alan Saul

  2. The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA

    Jing Wang, Xuezhi Cui & Alan Saul

  3. Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Ophthalmology and the James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA

    Sylvia B. Smith Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Jing Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuezhi Cui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Penny Roon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alan Saul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sylvia B. Smith Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sylvia B. Smith Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Ophthalmology and the James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA

    Sylvia B. Smith

  2. Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Tsung-Ping Su

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG (outside the USA)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, J., Cui, X., Roon, P., Saul, A., Smith, S.B. (2017). The Role of Sigma1R in Mammalian Retina. In: Smith, S., Su, TP. (eds) Sigma Receptors: Their Role in Disease and as Therapeutic Targets. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 964. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation