Boundaries, Frontiers, and Disciplines

Keating, Conrad

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_4

Conrad Keating²

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Abstract

Warren, according to Adel Mahmoud, “had limitless energy” and as a consequence was restless if he wasn’t working. In parallel to his achievements in child immunisation, Warren continued his “subversive” work across a wide spectrum of health-related subjects. These diverse projects reflected his personal character: his love of literature, his championing of technology, and his ability to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries.

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Notes

1.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 329.
2.
G. Weissmann, The Woods Hole Cantata, Essays on Science and Society. New York, 1985, p. 109.
3.
G. Jonas, The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. W.W. Horton & Company, New York and London, 1989, p. 63.
4.
The term ‘circuit riders’ refers to the early disciples of John Wesley, who travelled ceaselessly on horseback to bring the word of God to out-of-the-way places.
5.
Joe Cook, personal communication.
6.
J. David in K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 15.
7.
P. R. Gross, “Appendix III: The biology of Parasitism Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts,” in K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 329.
8.
John David, personal communication.
9.
John David, personal communication.
10.
L. Thomas, The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher, The Viking Press, 1974, p. 61.
11.
Dick Guerrant, personal communication.
12.
John Bruer, personal communication.
13.
Frederick T. Gates, credited with urging the idea of the RF on John D. Rockefeller, said to his fellow trustees in his last meeting as a member of the board, “When you die and come to approach the judgement of Almighty God, what do you think He will demand of you? Do you for an instant presume to believe that He will inquire into your petty failures or your trivial virtues? No! He will ask just one question: ‘What did you do as a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation?’”.
14.
Sylvia Warren, personal communication.
15.
John David, personal communication.
16.
John David, personal communication.
17.
Onesomo ole-MoiYoi, personal communication.
18.
P. R. Gross, “Appendix III: The biology of Parasitism Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts.” in K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 330.
19.
J. David in “Appendix III: The biology of Parasitism Course at the Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts,” in K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 334.
20.
Dyann Wirth, personal communication.
21.
Tom Coleman, personal communication.
22.
C. Keating, Smoking Kills: The Revolutionary Life of Richard Doll. Oxford: Signal Books, 2009.
23.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
24.
John Bruer, personal communication.
25.
The Lancet, Vol. 362, 19 July 2003, p. 253.
26.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
27.
Gerald Keusch, personal communication.
28.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
29.
Letter from S. Halstead to W. Spitzer, RF Archive, RF.88007 al 61, 21 February 1981.
30.
P. Wasi, Foreword in W. H. Becker, Innovative Partners: The Rockefeller Foundation and Thailand (The RF centennial series), 2013, pp. 26–7.
31.
Brian Greenwood, personal communication.
32.
Howard Klein, personal communication.
33.
Kenneth Prewitt, personal communication.
34.
Howard Klein, personal communication.
35.
Kenneth Prewitt, personal communication.
36.
Howard Klein, personal communication.
37.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
38.
$150,000 had been set aside for the annual INCLEN meeting to be held in Goa, India, January 22–29, 1989.
39.
The Rockefeller Foundation 1913–1988, The Rockefeller Foundation, p. 4.
40.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
41.
Christopher Murray, personal communication.
42.
Scott Halstead, personal communication.
43.
The debate started at Case Western Reserve University Medical School when Dr Charles Carpenter was appointed Chairman of Medicine and Physician-in-Chief. He asked Warren to develop a division within the Department of Medicine to deal with infectious diseases in the developing world. Dr Carpenter, a cholera expert, thought that the term “tropical medicine” in the US did not have a good reputation, that it consisted of a few individuals who had little experience of working in the tropics, and that “geographic medicine” would have wider appeal. Because the term “geographic medicine” had been used some years earlier at NIH, the decision was to name the new division “Geographic Medicine.” According to Adel Mahmoud, “that is how the modern use of the term started and we use it to say it is a new wave”.
44.
MEDLINES to Case Western Reserve School of Medicine. January 1974, p. 1.
45.
K. S. Warren & A. A. F. Mahmoud, Tropical and Geographical Medicine, McGraw-Hill, 1984, p. xvii.
46.
Adel Mahmoud, personal communication.
47.
Adel Mahmoud, personal communication.
48.
David Warrell, personal communication.
49.
David Bradley, personal communication.
50.
K. S. Warren & A. A. F. Mahmoud, Tropical and Geographical Medicine, McGraw-Hill, 1984, p. xvii.
51.
K. S. Warren & V. A. Newill, Schistosomiasis: A Bibliography of the World’s Literature From 1852 to 1962. 2 vols. Cleveland: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1967.
52.
K. S. Warren, “The Evolution of Selective Biomedical Libraries and Their Use in the Developing World.” JAMA, 15 May 1987; Vol. 257, No 19, 2628–2629.
53.
K. S. Warren, “Selective aspects of the biomedical literature,” in K. S. Warren (ed.), Coping With the Biomedical Literature: A Primer for Scientists and Clinicians. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1981, pp. 3–16.
54.
Keith McAdam, personal communication.
55.
K. S. Warren & C. C. Jimenez (eds), The Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Biomedical Research Network: 1978–1988. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1988, p. 3.
56.
David Bradley, personal communication.
57.
Scott Haldane, personal communication.
58.
Sir Iain Chalmers, personal communication.
59.
Sir Iain Chalmers, personal communication.
60.
G. Weissmann, The Woods Hole Cantata: Essays on the Science and Society. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1985.
61.
Anthony Robbins, personal communication. A. Robbins & P. Freeman, “Obstacles to Developing Vaccines for the Third World,” Scientific American, Vol. 256, No. 11, pp. 126–233, 1988; Proceedings of a Workshop on Vaccine Innovation and Supply. Report prepared by the Institute of Medicine National Academy of Sciences for the use of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. US Government Printing Office. 1986.
62.
In 1951, in Britain, Lionel Penrose, Horace Joules, Ian Gilliland, Richard, and Joan Doll co-founded the Medical Association for the Prevention of War (MAPW). This scientific alliance pre-dated the Russell‒Einstein Manifesto, which was established in 1955 when the Cold War was at its most intense. The MAPW announced its existence on 20th January 1951 in a letter to The Lancet: “We appeal to our fellow doctors who think there may yet be an alternative to merely providing treatment for casualties; we ask them to join us, in the spirit of our chosen profession of healing, in doing all in their power to halt preparation for war and to bring about a new and determined approach to the peaceful settlement of disputes and to world disarmament.”
63.
G. Weissmann, The Woods Hole Cantata, Essays on Science and Society, New York, 1985, p. 121.
64.
Anthony Robbins, personal communication.
65.
In Oslo on 10 December 1985, Bernard Lown and Yevgeniy Chazov accepted the Nobel Prize on behalf of their colleagues.
66.
Charlie Clements, personal communication.
67.
Charlie Clements, personal communication.
68.
In 1991, Kurt Vonnegut in his book, Fates Worse than Death wrote, “My guess is that… we really will blow up everything by and by.”

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The Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Conrad Keating

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Keating, C. (2017). Boundaries, Frontiers, and Disciplines. In: Kenneth Warren and the Great Neglected Diseases of Mankind Programme. Springer Biographies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50147-5_4
Published: 03 March 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50145-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50147-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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